Keep Cool but Don't Freeze: The Influence of William J. Mills Jr. on the Treatment of Frostbite.

IF 1.4 4区 医学 Q3 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
Wilderness & Environmental Medicine Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-30 DOI:10.1177/10806032241273497
Maryam Gharraei, Ken Zafren, Rodrigo Villar, Gordon G Giesbrecht
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Abstract

Dr William J. Mills Jr., an Alaskan orthopedic surgeon, helped establish the current protocols for frostbite treatment and changed a dogma used for more than 140 years that was established by Napoleon's surgeon general of the army, Baron Dominique-Jean Larrey. During Napoleon's 1812 siege of Moscow, Larrey noticed the destructive effects of using open fire heat for warming frozen body parts, so he suggested rubbing snow or immersion in cold water. Dr Mills treated many cold injuries during his medical career. After setting up his medical practice in Anchorage, Alaska, he realized the inefficiency of the established protocols and started researching new treatments for frostbite. Dr Mills followed Meryman's method of rapidly thawing frozen red blood cells in warm water. Mills and his colleagues established a treatment protocol for freezing cold injury that included rapid warming in warm water. These studies resulted in the publication of three key papers in 1960 and 1961. These papers were the first clinical studies that described rapid warming as a treatment. Subsequently, rapid warming, with some variation in water temperatures, has been accepted as the standard of treatment. Due to his outstanding contribution to the treatment of frostbite, he has been referred to as "the nation's leading authority on cold injury." Mills and his colleagues created a new classification system that divided frostbite into two levels, superficial and deep, which was more applicable in clinics than the traditional 4-tier classification. The 2-tier classification is still useful outside of the hospital setting.

保持凉爽但不要冻僵:小威廉-J-米尔斯对冻伤治疗的影响。
小威廉-J.-米尔斯医生是阿拉斯加的一名骨科医生,他帮助制定了当前的冻伤治疗方案,并改变了拿破仑的陆军外科医生多米尼克-让-拉雷男爵沿用了140多年的教条。在拿破仑 1812 年围攻莫斯科期间,拉雷注意到用明火加热冻僵的身体部位会产生破坏性影响,因此他建议用雪擦拭或浸泡在冷水中。米尔斯医生在其医疗生涯中治疗过许多冷伤。在阿拉斯加的安克雷奇开业行医后,他意识到既有疗法的效率低下,于是开始研究治疗冻伤的新方法。米尔斯医生沿用了梅里曼的方法,即在温水中快速解冻冰冻的红细胞。米尔斯和他的同事们制定了一套治疗冻伤的方案,其中包括在温水中快速升温。通过这些研究,他们在 1960 年和 1961 年发表了三篇重要论文。这些论文是首次将快速加温作为治疗方法的临床研究。随后,水温略有变化的快速加温疗法被公认为标准疗法。由于他在冻伤治疗方面的杰出贡献,他被称为 "美国冷伤领域的权威"。米尔斯和他的同事们创建了一个新的分类系统,将冻伤分为浅层和深层两级,这比传统的四级分类更适用于临床。2 级分类法在医院以外的环境中仍然有用。
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来源期刊
Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 医学-公共卫生、环境卫生与职业卫生
CiteScore
2.10
自引率
7.10%
发文量
96
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, the official journal of the Wilderness Medical Society, is the leading journal for physicians practicing medicine in austere environments. This quarterly journal features articles on all aspects of wilderness medicine, including high altitude and climbing, cold- and heat-related phenomena, natural environmental disasters, immersion and near-drowning, diving, and barotrauma, hazardous plants/animals/insects/marine animals, animal attacks, search and rescue, ethical and legal issues, aeromedial transport, survival physiology, medicine in remote environments, travel medicine, operational medicine, and wilderness trauma management. It presents original research and clinical reports from scientists and practitioners around the globe. WEM invites submissions from authors who want to take advantage of our established publication''s unique scope, wide readership, and international recognition in the field of wilderness medicine. Its readership is a diverse group of medical and outdoor professionals who choose WEM as their primary wilderness medical resource.
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