International Workers' Day: Consumption Patterns of Morphine, Codeine, and Methamphetamine in Urban and Rural Areas Based on Wastewater-Based Epidemiology

IF 3.6 4区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI:10.1002/etc.5987

Wen Li, Jianjiang Lu, Haijun Zhao, Jie Zhao, Yujun Yan, Yan Xu

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a reliable means to estimate drug consumption in a specific population. By measuring the concentration of drug residues or metabolites in wastewater, the consumption behavior pattern of a specific population can be deduced. Using the WBE method, the present study, for the first time, continuously monitored the differences in the consumption of morphine (MOR), codeine (CODE), and methamphetamine (METH) in three wastewater-treatment plants in a city and two surrounding villages in Xinjiang, China during International Workers' Day and the following week. The wastewater samples were pretreated by solid-phase extraction and then analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Methamphetamine was not detected in rural areas and was detected only on International Workers' Day in urban areas. According to the estimation of per capita consumption, the per capita consumption of MOR, CODE, and METH in urban inhabitants was 12.04 to 23.39, 10.44 to 16.39, and 1.31 mg/day/1000 inhabitants. The per capita consumption of MOR and CODE in rural areas was 5.19 to 8.35 and 2.56 to 3.52 mg/day/1000 inhabitants. The consumption of MOR in urban and rural areas was significantly higher than that of CODE and METH. During International Workers' Day, workdays, and weekends, the consumption of MOR and CODE in urban areas is significantly higher than that in rural areas. Compared with those on weekends, the consumption of urban MOR and CODE increased more during International Workers' Day. The consumption of MOR in urban areas showed a weekend effect. The present study can provide information for subsequent research and government departments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:2569–2577. © 2024 SETAC

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国际工人日基于废水流行病学的城乡地区吗啡、可待因和甲基苯丙胺消费模式。

基于废水的流行病学（WBE）是估算特定人群药物消耗量的可靠方法。通过测量废水中药物残留或代谢物的浓度，可以推断出特定人群的消费行为模式。本研究首次使用 WBE 法连续监测了中国新疆某市及周边两个村庄的三家污水处理厂在国际劳动节期间及随后一周的吗啡（MOR）、可待因（CODE）和甲基苯丙胺（METH）消耗量的差异。废水样品经固相萃取预处理后，采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法进行分析。在农村地区没有检测到甲基苯丙胺，仅在国际劳动节当天在城市地区检测到了甲基苯丙胺。根据人均消费量估算，城市居民的 MOR、CODE 和 METH 的人均消费量分别为 12.04 至 23.39、10.44 至 16.39 和 1.31 毫克/天/千人。农村地区 MOR 和 CODE 的人均消费量分别为 5.19 至 8.35 毫克/天/千人和 2.56 至 3.52 毫克/天/千人。城市和农村地区的 MOR 消费量明显高于 CODE 和 METH。在国际劳动节、工作日和周末，城市地区的 MOR 和 CODE 消费量明显高于农村地区。与周末相比，国际劳动节期间城市地区的 MOR 和 CODE 消费量增加较多。城市地区的 MOR 消费呈现出周末效应。本研究可为后续研究和政府部门提供信息。环境毒物化学 2024;00:1-9。© 2024 SETAC.

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来源期刊

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 环境科学-毒理学

CiteScore

7.40

自引率

9.80%

发文量

265

审稿时长

3.4 months

期刊介绍： The Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) publishes two journals: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (ET&C) and Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management (IEAM). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry is dedicated to furthering scientific knowledge and disseminating information on environmental toxicology and chemistry, including the application of these sciences to risk assessment.[...] Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry is interdisciplinary in scope and integrates the fields of environmental toxicology; environmental, analytical, and molecular chemistry; ecology; physiology; biochemistry; microbiology; genetics; genomics; environmental engineering; chemical, environmental, and biological modeling; epidemiology; and earth sciences. ET&C seeks to publish papers describing original experimental or theoretical work that significantly advances understanding in the area of environmental toxicology, environmental chemistry and hazard/risk assessment. Emphasis is given to papers that enhance capabilities for the prediction, measurement, and assessment of the fate and effects of chemicals in the environment, rather than simply providing additional data. The scientific impact of papers is judged in terms of the breadth and depth of the findings and the expected influence on existing or future scientific practice. Methodological papers must make clear not only how the work differs from existing practice, but the significance of these differences to the field. Site-based research or monitoring must have regional or global implications beyond the particular site, such as evaluating processes, mechanisms, or theory under a natural environmental setting.