Galectin-9 Levels as a Potential Predictor of Intact HIV Reservoir Decay

Abstract

Background During antiretroviral therapy (ART), the HIV reservoir exhibits variability as cells with intact genomes decay faster than those with defective genomes, especially in the first years of therapy. The host factors influencing this decay are yet to be characterized. Methods Observational study in 74 PWH on ART, of whom 70 (94.6%) were male. We used the intact proviral DNA assay to measure intact proviruses and Luminex immunoassay to measure 32 inflammatory cytokines in plasma. Linear spline models, with a knot at seven years, evaluated the impact of baseline cytokine levels and their trajectories on intact HIV kinetics over these years. Results Baseline Gal-9 was the most predictive marker for intact HIV kinetics, with lower Gal-9 predicting faster decay over the subsequent seven years. For each 10-fold decrease in Gal-9 at baseline, there was a mean 45% (95%CI 14%-84%) greater decay of intact HIV genomes per year. Conversely, higher baseline ITAC, IL-17, and MIP-1α predicted faster intact HIV decreases. Longitudinal changes in MIP-3α and IL-6 levels strongly associated with intact HIV kinetics, with a 10-fold increase in MIP-3α and a 10-fold decrease in IL-6 associated with a a 9.5% and 10% faster decay of intact HIV genomes per year, respectively. Conclusion The pronounced association between baseline Gal-9 levels and subsequent intact HIV decay suggests that strategies reducing Gal-9 levels could accelerate reservoir decay. Additionally, the correlations of MIP-3α and IL-6 with HIV kinetics indicate a broader cytokine-mediated regulatory network, hinting at multi-targeted interventions that could modulate HIV reservoir dynamics.