{"title":"Tiebas Castle’ tuiles vernissées: Characterization, raw clay provenance, and manufacturing technology","authors":"Iván Ruiz-Ardanaz , Orreaga Úriz-Asiáin , Esther Lasheras , Adrián Durán","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2024.107552","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tiebas Castle was built between 1254 and 1264 as a royal residence of the kings of Navarre. The Castle was decorated with architectural luxuries imported from the French court. Some decorative elements of this French style are the polychrome roof tiles, called <em>tuiles vernissées</em>; and the glazed floor tiles, called <em>carreaux de pavement</em>. Both are the unique that have been found in the Iberian Peninsula. Elemental and mineralogical analysis allowed us to distinguish two different types of pastes that were used for both <em>tuiles vernissées</em> and <em>carreaux de pavement</em>: yellowish and reddish. The reddish paste was composed mainly of quartz, and to a lesser extent of haematite and illite. The yellow pastes were very rich in calcite and other calcium-bearing minerals (gehlenite, anorthite, diopside or wollastonite) and poorer in quartz and haematite. The different colour tones of the yellow paste samples allowed them to be classified into five subgroups (YP-1, YP-2, YP-3, YP-4, and YP-5). This classification turned out to coincide with a somewhat different mineral composition. The study of the mineral phases newly formed (gehlenite, anorthite, diopside and wollastonite) or destroyed (illite) during firing allowed us to estimate the maximum firing temperature of each of the subgroups. The temperature ranges for each subgroup were as follows: 750–800 °C (YP-5), 850–900 °C (YP-4), 900–925 °C (YP-3), 925–950 °C (YP-2), and 950–1000 °C (YP-1). The study of its possible raw materials allowed us to identify that the yellow pastes from <em>tuiles vernissées</em> and <em>carreaux de pavement</em> were prepared from a mixture of two clays. One of them was the decalcification clay (A15 clay) with which they also made the reddish pastes. The other component of the mixture was the marl from Castle hill. The proportion that the artisans used of both raw materials was 1:2 (twice as much marl as decalcification clay).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 107552"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3000,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169131724003004/pdfft?md5=b29bca0b76de0ad8bd467842233a1e11&pid=1-s2.0-S0169131724003004-main.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Applied Clay Science","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169131724003004","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Tiebas Castle was built between 1254 and 1264 as a royal residence of the kings of Navarre. The Castle was decorated with architectural luxuries imported from the French court. Some decorative elements of this French style are the polychrome roof tiles, called tuiles vernissées; and the glazed floor tiles, called carreaux de pavement. Both are the unique that have been found in the Iberian Peninsula. Elemental and mineralogical analysis allowed us to distinguish two different types of pastes that were used for both tuiles vernissées and carreaux de pavement: yellowish and reddish. The reddish paste was composed mainly of quartz, and to a lesser extent of haematite and illite. The yellow pastes were very rich in calcite and other calcium-bearing minerals (gehlenite, anorthite, diopside or wollastonite) and poorer in quartz and haematite. The different colour tones of the yellow paste samples allowed them to be classified into five subgroups (YP-1, YP-2, YP-3, YP-4, and YP-5). This classification turned out to coincide with a somewhat different mineral composition. The study of the mineral phases newly formed (gehlenite, anorthite, diopside and wollastonite) or destroyed (illite) during firing allowed us to estimate the maximum firing temperature of each of the subgroups. The temperature ranges for each subgroup were as follows: 750–800 °C (YP-5), 850–900 °C (YP-4), 900–925 °C (YP-3), 925–950 °C (YP-2), and 950–1000 °C (YP-1). The study of its possible raw materials allowed us to identify that the yellow pastes from tuiles vernissées and carreaux de pavement were prepared from a mixture of two clays. One of them was the decalcification clay (A15 clay) with which they also made the reddish pastes. The other component of the mixture was the marl from Castle hill. The proportion that the artisans used of both raw materials was 1:2 (twice as much marl as decalcification clay).
期刊介绍:
Applied Clay Science aims to be an international journal attracting high quality scientific papers on clays and clay minerals, including research papers, reviews, and technical notes. The journal covers typical subjects of Fundamental and Applied Clay Science such as:
• Synthesis and purification
• Structural, crystallographic and mineralogical properties of clays and clay minerals
• Thermal properties of clays and clay minerals
• Physico-chemical properties including i) surface and interface properties; ii) thermodynamic properties; iii) mechanical properties
• Interaction with water, with polar and apolar molecules
• Colloidal properties and rheology
• Adsorption, Intercalation, Ionic exchange
• Genesis and deposits of clay minerals
• Geology and geochemistry of clays
• Modification of clays and clay minerals properties by thermal and physical treatments
• Modification by chemical treatments with organic and inorganic molecules(organoclays, pillared clays)
• Modification by biological microorganisms. etc...