An assessment of infection prevention and control implementation in Malawian hospitals using the WHO Infection Prevention and Control Assessment Framework (IPCAF) tool

Abstract

Background

Infection prevention and control (IPC) is important for the reduction of healthcare-associated infections (HAI). The World Health Organization (WHO) developed the IPC Assessment Framework (IPCAF) tool to assess the level of IPC implementation and to identify areas for improvement in healthcare facilities.

Methods

A cross -sectional survey was conducted using the WHO IPCAF tool from May to June 2023. The aim was to provide a baseline assessment of the IPC programme and activities within health care facilities in Malawi. Forty healthcare facilities were invited to participate. IPC teams were requested to complete the IPCAF and return the scores. The IPCAF tool scores were assessed as recommended in the WHO IPCAF tool.

Results

The response rate was 82.5%. The median IPCAF score was 445 out of 800 corresponding to an intermediate IPC implementation level. The results revealed that 66.7% facilities were at intermediate level, 26.4% at basic level, and 6.9% at advanced level. Most facilities (76%) had an IPC program in place with clear objectives and an IPC focal person. Few had a dedicated budget for IPC. The IPCAF domain “monitoring/audit of IPC practices and feedback” had the lowest median score of 15/100, and in 90% of facilities, no monitoring, audit, and feedback was done. HAI surveillance median score was 40/100, workload, staffing and bed occupancy median score was 45/100.

Conclusions

Whilst there has been some degree of implementation of WHO IPC guidelines in Malawi's healthcare system, there is significant room for improvement. The IPCAF tool revealed that monitoring/audit and feedback, HAI surveillance and workload, staffing and bed occupancy need to be strengthened. The IPCAF scoring system may need reconsidering given the centrality of these domains to IPC.