Charcot and the psychology of hysteria, with special reference to a never published final case history.

IF 0.3 3区 哲学 Q3 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Toby Gelfand
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Abstract

Jean-Martin Charcot is perhaps best remembered for his contributions to organic neurology. However, his pursuit of hysteria, the most prevalent diagnosis in his hospital clinic, yielded no anatomical lesion to account for hysteria's plethora of somatic disorders assumed due to a purely functional or dynamic lesion in the cerebral cortex. This led Charcot to turn his attention to the psychology of hysteria. Taking advantage of institutional reforms at the Salpêtrière-notably, the establishment of his professorship in nervous diseases-Charcot from the early 1880s focused his teaching increasingly on case histories of hysteria in male as well as female patients. Already renown for his earlier dramatic public lessons on female hysteria, his lessons of the 1880s, of which two volumes were published at the end of the decade, elaborated the issue of psychology in terms of altered states of patient's suggestibility. By the decade's end, Charcot's worldwide reputation rested on the prospects of this work as acknowledged by numerous students, notably medical psychologists Pierre Janet and Sigmund Freud. Yet Charcot's views remained sketchy. They were discussed at length in his unpublished notes for a lesson intended for May 1893, just a few months before his sudden death. His unpublished notes reveal a detailed case for dreams as illustrating a psychological mechanism underlying hysteria in a 17-year-old Paris artisan. I conclude by considering why this significant climactic case of Charcot's might have been overlooked by his entourage.

沙尔科与癔病心理学,特别是从未发表过的最终病例。
让-马丁-沙尔科(Jean-Martin Charcot)最为人所知的也许是他对器质性神经病学的贡献。然而,他对癔病的研究--这是他在医院门诊中最常见的诊断--却没有发现任何解剖学病变,无法解释癔病的大量躯体失调是由于大脑皮层的纯功能性或动态性病变所致。这促使沙尔科将注意力转向癔病心理学。利用萨尔佩特里耶(Salpêtrière)的机构改革--尤其是他的神经疾病教授职位的设立--从19世纪80年代初开始,夏尔科越来越多地将教学重点放在男性和女性患者的癔病病例上。他早年关于女性歇斯底里症的戏剧性公开课已经让他声名鹊起,19世纪80年代他的公开课(其中两卷于十年末出版)从病人受暗示性的改变状态角度阐述了心理学问题。到十年结束时,沙尔科的世界声誉已取决于这项工作的前景,这一点得到了众多学生的认可,尤其是医学心理学家皮埃尔-珍妮特(Pierre Janet)和西格蒙德-弗洛伊德(Sigmund Freud)。然而,沙尔科的观点仍然很粗略。就在他猝死前几个月,他在未发表的 1893 年 5 月的课程笔记中详细讨论了这些观点。他在未发表的笔记中详细论述了梦,认为梦是一位 17 岁的巴黎工匠癔病的心理机制。最后,我将思考为什么夏尔科的这个重要的高潮病例可能会被他的随行人员忽视。
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来源期刊
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 社会科学-科学史与科学哲学
CiteScore
1.00
自引率
20.00%
发文量
55
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: The Journal of the History of the Neurosciences is the leading communication platform dealing with the historical roots of the basic and applied neurosciences. Its domains cover historical perspectives and developments, including biographical studies, disorders, institutions, documents, and instrumentation in neurology, neurosurgery, neuropsychiatry, neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, neurochemistry, neuropsychology, and the behavioral neurosciences. The history of ideas, changes in society and medicine, and the connections with other disciplines (e.g., the arts, philosophy, psychology) are welcome. In addition to original, full-length papers, the journal welcomes informative short communications, letters to the editors, book reviews, and contributions to its NeuroWords and Neurognostics columns. All manuscripts are subject to initial appraisal by an Editor, and, if found suitable for further consideration, full- and short-length papers are subject to peer review (double blind, if requested) by at least 2 anonymous referees.
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