Multisectoral approach for the control of cholera outbreak - lessons and challenges from Lusaka district - Zambia, October 2023 - February 2024.

Abstract

Introduction: on October 18, 2023, the Ministry of Health declared an outbreak of cholera in the Lusaka district. Public health interventions were implemented using a multisectoral approach in the Lusaka district and other hotspots in the country. We documented the multisectoral response efforts and their impacts on the cholera epidemic in the Lusaka district of Zambia. We highlighted the major challenges and their associated impacts on the epidemiologic patterns of disease in hotspot areas.

Methods: we conducted a descriptive observational study of cholera response activities in the Lusaka district. We used quantitative and qualitative non-participant techniques using the Centers for Disease Prevention and Control's direct in-person observation tool in healthcare settings. We reviewed surveillance records to estimate the magnitude of the outbreak, and characterized cases by person, place, and time. We documented the response interventions and challenges using situation reports.

Results: during the 2023 - 2024 cholera outbreak, Lusaka district was the most affected district with 13,122 cases and 498 deaths as of 12^th February 2024. Despite having a well-established system for coordinating technical support and resource mobilization, inadequate sanitation and limited access to clean water remained potential risks for cholera outbreaks in Lusaka district.

Conclusion: Lusaka district may have experienced one of the most severe cholera epidemics in the nation's history, as indicated by its rapid spread and increased mortality reported from both the community and treatment centers. A multisectoral coordination for improved sanitary systems, access to clean water, health education strategies, and vaccination campaigns contributed to the decline in cholera cases.