Echocardiography in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Abstract

Purpose of review: In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), cardiovascular involvement is common and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. There have been few recent updates regarding the cardiac involvement in this clinical entity. The purpose of the review is to provide an update on the role of echocardiography in the management of these patients.

Recent findings: Echocardiography remains the imaging modality of choice and should be considered even in asymptomatic patients with SLE to detect cardiac abnormalities which are frequently not clinically apparent. Transesophageal echocardiography has higher sensitivity and specificity in identifying valvular lesions, and should be utilized in high risk patients when transthoracic echocardiography is negative. New advances such as speckle tracking echocardiography has shown promise in the detection of occult myocardial dysfunction, but more studies are needed to have a proper perspective of its role in SLE patients. SLE has protean cardiac manifestations. The most common involvement is pericarditis. Complicated pericarditis such as tamponade and constriction are rare but should be considered if the symptoms do not subside with treatment. Valvular involvement can take several forms. Libman-Sacks endocarditis is the most common form and is more prevalent in patients with high disease activity and with the presence of antisphopholipid antibodies. Myocardial involvement portends poor prognosis and should be sought and treated promptly to prevent morbidity and mortality.