Study of the TEAD-binding domain of the VGLL1, VGLL2 and VGLL3 proteins from vertebrates

Abstract

The TEAD transcription factors are the final effectors of the Hippo pathway, and to exert their transcriptional activity they need to interact with other proteins. The three paralogous vestigial-like proteins VGLL1, VGLL2 and VGLL3 bind to TEAD via a conserved short linear sequence, the Tondu motif. The TEAD-binding domain of human VGLL2 contains in addition an Ω-loop, which is also present in Vg (vestigial) from arthropods and the YAP proteins, another family of TEAD interactors. In this report, using the available structural data, we study the amino acid sequence of the TEAD-binding domain of more than 2400 putative VGLL proteins from vertebrates. This analysis shows a strong link between sequence conservation and functional role for the residues from the Tondu motif. It also reveals that one protein sequence containing both a Tondu motif and an Ω-loop is present in most (if not all) vertebrate species. This suggests that there is a selective pressure to keep a VGLL paralog with a functional Ω-loop in vertebrates. Finally, this study identifies, particularly in mammals, variants of VGLL2 and VGLL3 with an altered TEAD-binding domain suggesting that they may have a different biological function than their homologs.