The effectivity and applicability of a novel sugar-based anionic and nonionic Gemini surfactant synthetized for the perchloroethylene-contaminated groundwater remediation.

Journal of hazardous materials Pub Date : 2024-10-05 Epub Date: 2024-08-08 DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135458
Yu Yao, Yufeng Fu, Chengwu Zhang, Hui Zhang, Chuanyu Qin
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Abstract

Surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) has effectively removed dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) from the contaminated aquifers. However, restricted by structural defects, typical monomeric surfactants undergo precipitation, high adsorption loss, and poor solubilization in aquifers, resulting in low remediation efficiency. In this study, a novel sugar-based anionic and non-ionic Gemini surfactant (SANG) was designed and synthesized for SEAR. Glucose was introduced into SANG as a non-ionic group to overcome the interference of low temperature and ions in groundwater. Sodium sulfonate was introduced as an anionic group to overcome aquifer adsorption loss. Two long-straight carbon chains were introduced as hydrophobic groups to provide high surface activity and solubilizing capacity. Even with low temperature or high salt content, its solution did not precipitate in aquifer conditions. The adsorption loss was as low as 0.54 and 0.90 mg/g in medium and fine sand, respectively. Compared with typical surfactants used for SEAR, SANG had the highest solubilization and desorption abilities for perchloroethylene (PCE) without emulsification, a crucial negative that Tween80 and other non-ionic surfactants exhibit. After flushing the contaminated aquifer using SANG, > 99 % of PCE was removed. Thus, with low potential environmental risk, SANG is effectively applicable in subsurface remediation, making it a better surfactant choice for SEAR.

合成的一种新型糖基阴离子和非离子 Gemini 表面活性剂对全氯乙烯污染地下水修复的有效性和适用性。
表面活性剂强化含水层修复(SEAR)可有效去除受污染含水层中的高密度非水相液体(DNAPLs)。然而,受结构缺陷的限制,典型的单体表面活性剂在含水层中会发生沉淀、吸附损失大、溶解度低,从而导致修复效率低下。本研究为 SEAR 设计并合成了一种新型糖基阴离子和非离子 Gemini 表面活性剂(SANG)。SANG 中引入了葡萄糖作为非离子基团,以克服低温和地下水中离子的干扰。引入磺酸钠作为阴离子基团,以克服含水层的吸附损失。引入两条长直碳链作为疏水基团,以提供高表面活性和增溶能力。即使在低温或高含盐量的条件下,其溶液在含水层中也不会沉淀。在中砂和细砂中的吸附损耗分别低至 0.54 和 0.90 毫克/克。与 SEAR 使用的典型表面活性剂相比,SANG 对全氯乙烯(PCE)的增溶和解吸能力最强,且不会发生乳化现象,而 Tween80 和其他非离子表面活性剂都会出现乳化现象。使用 SANG 冲洗受污染的含水层后,99% 以上的 PCE 被去除。因此,SANG 具有较低的潜在环境风险,可有效用于地下修复,是 SEAR 的最佳表面活性剂选择。
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