Ongoing Activity at Hunga Submarine Volcano, Tonga: The Case for Better Monitoring of Submarine Volcanoes Worldwide

IF 2.9 2区 地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS
Sharon L. Walker, Cornel E. J. de Ronde
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The powerful eruption of Hunga volcano (15-January-2022) excavated ∼6.3 km3 of pre-existing material, leaving behind an 855 m deep crater. The scientific and humanitarian response to this event was challenging due to the remote location, safety concerns, and COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. To investigate the status of ongoing eruptive/hydrothermal activity, this study used, for the first time, an un-crewed surface vessel operated remotely from >16,000 km away to make direct water column measurements within the crater and map its structure in detail. Intense turbidity and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) anomalies located ongoing activity at sites on the steep inside crater slopes near both remaining islands. Mid-water acoustic reflectors indicated ongoing degassing, and positive ORP anomalies suggested gas composition was dominated by CO2. At least 75% of the crater rim is shallower than 100 m, so any exchange with the surrounding ocean is limited by the depths of breaches in the rim (185 m between the islands and 290 m on the ENE side). This post-eruption bathymetry results in accumulation of emission products within the deep crater. There were no indications of the ongoing activity visible at the ocean surface, which highlights the limitations and inherent biases associated with relying on discolored surface water and/or atmospheric disturbances to determine eruption start/end dates at submarine volcanoes. This study demonstrates the value and need to add repeat hydrothermal plume and bathymetric surveys to our toolbox for monitoring submarine volcanoes, and the potential for un-crewed, remotely operated vessels to contribute significantly to these efforts.

Abstract Image

汤加洪加海底火山的持续活动:更好地监测全球海底火山的理由
洪加火山的强烈喷发(2022 年 1 月 15 日)挖掘出了 6.3 千立方米的原有物质,留下了一个 855 米深的火山口。由于地处偏远、安全问题和 COVID-19 大流行病的限制,此次事件的科学和人道主义应对工作极具挑战性。为了调查正在进行的喷发/热液活动的状况,这项研究首次使用了一艘无人驾驶的水面舰艇,从 16,000 公里以外的地方进行遥控操作,对火山口内的水柱进行直接测量,并详细绘制了火山口的结构图。强烈的浑浊度和氧化还原电位(ORP)异常现象表明,在两个剩余岛屿附近的陨石坑内侧陡坡上有活动正在进行。中层水声反射器表明正在进行脱气活动,正的氧化还原电位异常表明气体成分以二氧化碳为主。陨石坑边缘至少有 75% 浅于 100 米,因此与周围海洋的任何交换都受到边缘裂口深度的限制(两岛之间为 185 米,东偏北一侧为 290 米)。这种火山爆发后的水深导致排放产物在火山口深处积聚。在海面上看不到正在进行的活动迹象,这突出了依靠变色的表层水和/或大气扰动来确定海底火山喷发开始/结束日期的局限性和固有偏差。这项研究表明,在我们监测海底火山的工具箱中增加重复热液羽流和测深勘测的价值和必要性,以及无机组遥控船只为这些工作做出重大贡献的潜力。
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来源期刊
Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems
Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 地学-地球化学与地球物理
CiteScore
5.90
自引率
11.40%
发文量
252
审稿时长
1 months
期刊介绍: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems (G3) publishes research papers on Earth and planetary processes with a focus on understanding the Earth as a system. Observational, experimental, and theoretical investigations of the solid Earth, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, and solar system at all spatial and temporal scales are welcome. Articles should be of broad interest, and interdisciplinary approaches are encouraged. Areas of interest for this peer-reviewed journal include, but are not limited to: The physics and chemistry of the Earth, including its structure, composition, physical properties, dynamics, and evolution Principles and applications of geochemical proxies to studies of Earth history The physical properties, composition, and temporal evolution of the Earth''s major reservoirs and the coupling between them The dynamics of geochemical and biogeochemical cycles at all spatial and temporal scales Physical and cosmochemical constraints on the composition, origin, and evolution of the Earth and other terrestrial planets The chemistry and physics of solar system materials that are relevant to the formation, evolution, and current state of the Earth and the planets Advances in modeling, observation, and experimentation that are of widespread interest in the geosciences.
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