The “Cycle” of HIV: Limits of Personal Responsibility in HIV Vulnerability Among Transgender Adolescents and Young Women in Lima, Peru

Abstract

Globally, transgender women (TW) face a high burden of the HIV epidemic. In Peru, HIV prevalence among TW rises at age 25, indicating a need to understand HIV vulnerability as adolescents reach adulthood. The life course of TW is often marked by abuse, discrimination and poverty fueled by transphobic stigma. Approaches to the HIV epidemic among TW and adolescents emphasize problem behaviors such as unprotected sex and substance. However, there has been a call for HIV research and interventions to understand and leverage community strengths. This qualitative study utilized a transgender-oriented, strength-based, intersectional and feminist approach to understand the strengths and protective health behaviors among 17 transgender adolescents and young women (TAYW) age 16–24 in Lima, Peru. Most participants re-located to Lima from the Amazon due to familial rejection, and engaged in obligatory sex work. TAYW demonstrated self-knowledge, motivation for education, efforts to secure employment, strong community networks, legal advocacy, avoiding problem substance use, HIV knowledge and condom use. However, strengths were impeded by multi-level barriers such as familial physical abuse, educational discrimination, and sexual assault which led to increased HIV vulnerability. We created a conceptual model of the “cycle” of HIV to describe the limits of personal responsibility within a vulnerable community denied access to family, education, employment and human rights. We recommend researchers, clinicians and public health workers follow the lead of TAYW at the frontlines of the HIV epidemic, and support beloved communities and enabling environments which may permit protective behaviors to mitigate HIV vulnerability.