Ecohydrological and hydrogeological dynamics of groundwater springs in Eastern Himalaya, India

IF 4.9 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Groundwater for Sustainable Development Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI:10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101311

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Abstract

Groundwater springs are critical to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 6, access to clean water) in the Himalaya and remain highly vulnerable to climate change and land-use and land cover change. In a first from Eastern Himalaya, we analysed the relative controls of land-use, precipitation, soil properties, and hydrogeology on the diel and seasonal variability in three representative springs using high-frequency discharge monitoring. Kamrang spring is a high-discharge depression spring fed by a homogenous aquifer, whereas Mamley and Gaddi show dual-flow characteristics attributed to primary matrix-based flows and secondary conduit (karst) or unconsolidated storage-based flows, respectively. The first reports of strong diel fluctuations in springflows show significantly higher amplitude in the depression spring (22 ± 41 l min⁻¹) than the fracture (15 ± 26 l min⁻¹) and karst springs (12 ± 24 l min⁻¹), attributed to evapotranspiration and hydrogeology, respectively. The forest spring (Gaddi, low soil hydraulic conductivity, K_sat) showed a faster response at intense precipitation (>30 mm h⁻¹), whereas the agriculture springs (Kamrang and Mamley, high K_sat) showed the lowest lags at low-moderate intensities (<20 mm h⁻¹). The depression spring showed high recharge potential, whereas the karst and fracture springs were constrained by their relatively smaller recharge area and low K_sat, respectively. The per capita daily water availability was barely sufficient to support the minimum (20 l) and mandated (55 l) requirements for 30–70% and 2–47% of days a year, respectively. Thus, future precipitation intensification and land-use change will disproportionately impact the >5th-order karst and fracture springs. The study provides an integrated analytical framework for understanding Himalayan springs, which are critical for achieving SDG 6 (access to clean water) and a baseline for developing appropriate springshed models for effective management of freshwater ecosystems (SDG 15) against future climate change impacts (SDG 13), as well as informing the water security assessment in the Himalaya.

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印度东喜马拉雅地区地下水泉的生态水文和水文地质动态

地下水泉对喜马拉雅地区实现可持续发展目标（SDG 6，获得清洁水）至关重要，但仍极易受到气候变化、土地利用和土地覆盖变化的影响。我们首次在东喜马拉雅地区利用高频率排放监测分析了土地利用、降水、土壤特性和水文地质对三个代表性泉水的日变化和季节变化的相对控制。卡姆朗泉是由同质含水层提供水源的高排水量洼地泉，而马姆利泉和加迪泉则显示出双重水流特征，分别是以原生基质为基础的水流和以次生导管（岩溶）或未固结储层为基础的水流。关于泉水流量强烈昼夜波动的首次报告显示，洼地泉（22 ± 41 升/分钟-1）的振幅明显高于断裂泉（15 ± 26 升/分钟-1）和岩溶泉（12 ± 24 升/分钟-1），这分别归因于蒸发蒸腾作用和水文地质。森林泉水（Gaddi，低土壤水导率，Ksat）在强降水（30 毫米/小时）时反应较快，而农业泉水（Kamrang 和 Mamley，高 Ksat）在中低强度降水（20 毫米/小时）时滞后最低。洼地泉显示出较高的补给潜力，而岩溶泉和断裂泉则分别受到补给面积相对较小和 Ksat 较低的限制。人均日供水量勉强满足最低（20 升）和法定（55 升）需求，分别占全年天数的 30-70% 和 2-47%。因此，未来降水量的增加和土地利用的变化将对 5 级岩溶泉和断裂泉造成极大的影响。该研究为了解喜马拉雅山泉水提供了一个综合分析框架，而喜马拉雅山泉水对实现可持续发展目标 6（获得清洁水）至关重要，同时也为开发适当的泉域模型提供了基线，以便针对未来气候变化影响（可持续发展目标 13）有效管理淡水生态系统（可持续发展目标 15），并为喜马拉雅山水安全评估提供信息。

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来源期刊

Groundwater for Sustainable Development Social Sciences-Geography, Planning and Development

CiteScore

11.50

自引率

10.20%

发文量

152

期刊介绍： Groundwater for Sustainable Development is directed to different stakeholders and professionals, including government and non-governmental organizations, international funding agencies, universities, public water institutions, public health and other public/private sector professionals, and other relevant institutions. It is aimed at professionals, academics and students in the fields of disciplines such as: groundwater and its connection to surface hydrology and environment, soil sciences, engineering, ecology, microbiology, atmospheric sciences, analytical chemistry, hydro-engineering, water technology, environmental ethics, economics, public health, policy, as well as social sciences, legal disciplines, or any other area connected with water issues. The objectives of this journal are to facilitate: • The improvement of effective and sustainable management of water resources across the globe. • The improvement of human access to groundwater resources in adequate quantity and good quality. • The meeting of the increasing demand for drinking and irrigation water needed for food security to contribute to a social and economically sound human development. • The creation of a global inter- and multidisciplinary platform and forum to improve our understanding of groundwater resources and to advocate their effective and sustainable management and protection against contamination. • Interdisciplinary information exchange and to stimulate scientific research in the fields of groundwater related sciences and social and health sciences required to achieve the United Nations Millennium Development Goals for sustainable development.