Genesis and evolution of Late Oligocene to Late Miocene syn-rift Pb-Zn deposits along the Red Sea coast, Egypt: Inference from a petrographic and geochemical investigation
El Sayed Ahmed Saber , Ashraf Embaby , Ashraf Ismael , Ahmed E. Radwan , Ahmed Abd El Aal , Ahmed El Sheikh
{"title":"Genesis and evolution of Late Oligocene to Late Miocene syn-rift Pb-Zn deposits along the Red Sea coast, Egypt: Inference from a petrographic and geochemical investigation","authors":"El Sayed Ahmed Saber , Ashraf Embaby , Ashraf Ismael , Ahmed E. Radwan , Ahmed Abd El Aal , Ahmed El Sheikh","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107560","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lead‑zinc deposits on the Egyptian Red Sea coast are hosted within a <em>syn</em>-rift system's carbonate platform; however, their origin is still under discussion. This study has used an integrated geological, petrographic, and geochemical analysis of these deposits along seven localities to investigate the record of the main processes that controlled their onset and evolution. Two main zones of mineralization are distinguished: an exposed upper zone composed essentially of smithsonite, hydrozincite, hemimorphite, goethite, and hematite with relics of galena, and a lower zone composed mainly of galena, sphalerite, and pyrite with minor amounts of marcasite. Geochemically, these deposits are depleted in Na, K, Al, Ti, and Nb but are enriched in Mo, Cd, and As. The chondrite-normalized patterns of Pb-Zn-bearing samples show pronounced negative Ce and Eu anomalies, whereas the pattern of the host rocks shows a distinctive pattern with pronounced negative Ce and positive Eu anomalies. The isotope geochemistry analysis of the present lead‑zinc-host rocks shows negative values of δ<sup>18</sup>O and δ<sup>13</sup>C in the saddle dolomite-II, dolomite-III, and Zn-dolomite, all of which reflect the effects of dolomitization by hydrothermal fluids. Based on mode of occurrence, texture, mineralogy, and geochemistry, the studied lead‑zinc deposits were formed in two stages: an early stage marked by the participation of primary sulfide ores from hydrothermal solutions, and a late stage involving the replacement of the precursor primary sulfides by means of surface water. These Pb-Zn ore deposits hosted in carbonate rocks are genetically considered to be of Mississippi Valley-type and could constitute important clues, taking into account their wide distribution, for the exploration of new targets of lead‑zinc in addition to a better understanding of the origin of lead‑zinc deposits in the Middle East area and provides important information to improve future mining in the area.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 107560"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4000,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0375674224001766","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Lead‑zinc deposits on the Egyptian Red Sea coast are hosted within a syn-rift system's carbonate platform; however, their origin is still under discussion. This study has used an integrated geological, petrographic, and geochemical analysis of these deposits along seven localities to investigate the record of the main processes that controlled their onset and evolution. Two main zones of mineralization are distinguished: an exposed upper zone composed essentially of smithsonite, hydrozincite, hemimorphite, goethite, and hematite with relics of galena, and a lower zone composed mainly of galena, sphalerite, and pyrite with minor amounts of marcasite. Geochemically, these deposits are depleted in Na, K, Al, Ti, and Nb but are enriched in Mo, Cd, and As. The chondrite-normalized patterns of Pb-Zn-bearing samples show pronounced negative Ce and Eu anomalies, whereas the pattern of the host rocks shows a distinctive pattern with pronounced negative Ce and positive Eu anomalies. The isotope geochemistry analysis of the present lead‑zinc-host rocks shows negative values of δ18O and δ13C in the saddle dolomite-II, dolomite-III, and Zn-dolomite, all of which reflect the effects of dolomitization by hydrothermal fluids. Based on mode of occurrence, texture, mineralogy, and geochemistry, the studied lead‑zinc deposits were formed in two stages: an early stage marked by the participation of primary sulfide ores from hydrothermal solutions, and a late stage involving the replacement of the precursor primary sulfides by means of surface water. These Pb-Zn ore deposits hosted in carbonate rocks are genetically considered to be of Mississippi Valley-type and could constitute important clues, taking into account their wide distribution, for the exploration of new targets of lead‑zinc in addition to a better understanding of the origin of lead‑zinc deposits in the Middle East area and provides important information to improve future mining in the area.
埃及红海沿岸的铅锌矿床赋存于一个同步裂谷系统的碳酸盐平台中,但其起源仍在讨论之中。这项研究对七个地点的这些矿床进行了综合地质、岩相和地球化学分析,以研究控制其形成和演变的主要过程的记录。矿化主要分为两个区域:一个是裸露的上部区域,主要由铁闪锌矿、水锌矿、半闪锌矿、鹅铁矿和赤铁矿组成,并伴有方铅矿遗迹;另一个是下部区域,主要由方铅矿、闪锌矿和黄铁矿组成,并伴有少量的黑云母。从地球化学角度看,这些矿床的Na、K、Al、Ti和Nb含量较低,但Mo、Cd和As含量较高。含 Pb-Zn 样品的软玉归一化模式显示出明显的负 Ce 和 Eu 异常,而主岩的模式则显示出明显的负 Ce 和正 Eu 异常。对目前铅锌母岩的同位素地球化学分析表明,鞍状白云岩-II、白云岩-III和锌白云岩中的δ18O和δ13C均为负值,这反映了热液白云石化的影响。根据成矿模式、质地、矿物学和地球化学,所研究的铅锌矿床的形成分为两个阶段:早期阶段以热液中原生硫化物矿石的参与为标志,晚期阶段则涉及地表水对原生硫化物前驱体的置换。从遗传学角度看,这些赋存于碳酸盐岩中的铅锌矿床属于密西西比河谷类型,考虑到它们的广泛分布,除了能更好地了解中东地区铅锌矿床的起源外,还能为勘探新的铅锌矿目标提供重要线索,并为改善该地区未来的采矿提供重要信息。
期刊介绍:
Journal of Geochemical Exploration is mostly dedicated to publication of original studies in exploration and environmental geochemistry and related topics.
Contributions considered of prevalent interest for the journal include researches based on the application of innovative methods to:
define the genesis and the evolution of mineral deposits including transfer of elements in large-scale mineralized areas.
analyze complex systems at the boundaries between bio-geochemistry, metal transport and mineral accumulation.
evaluate effects of historical mining activities on the surface environment.
trace pollutant sources and define their fate and transport models in the near-surface and surface environments involving solid, fluid and aerial matrices.
assess and quantify natural and technogenic radioactivity in the environment.
determine geochemical anomalies and set baseline reference values using compositional data analysis, multivariate statistics and geo-spatial analysis.
assess the impacts of anthropogenic contamination on ecosystems and human health at local and regional scale to prioritize and classify risks through deterministic and stochastic approaches.
Papers dedicated to the presentation of newly developed methods in analytical geochemistry to be applied in the field or in laboratory are also within the topics of interest for the journal.