{"title":"Objective assessment of chronic pain in donkeys using the Donkey Chronic Pain Scale","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.05.011","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To clinically evaluate previously developed pain scales [Donkey Chronic Pain Composite Pain Scale (DCP-CPS), Donkey Chronic Pain Facial Assessment of Pain (DCP-FAP) and combined Donkey Chronic Pain Scale (DCPS)], including behavioural and facial expression–based variables, for the assessment of chronic pain in donkeys.</p></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><p>Prospective, blinded clinical study.</p></div><div><h3>Animal</h3><p>A group of 77 donkeys (34 patients and 43 healthy control animals).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Animals were assessed by two observers that were blinded to the condition of the animals.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Both DCP-CPS and DCP-FAP, and resulting combined DCPS scores, showed good interobserver reliability [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.86–0.95, <em>p</em> < 0.001; ICC = 0.71, CI = 0.50–0.83, <em>p</em> < 0.001 and ICC = 0.84, CI = 0.72–0.91, <em>p</em> < 0.001, respectively]. All scores (DCP-CPS, DCP-FAP and the resulting combined DCPS) were significantly higher for patients than for controls at all time points (<em>p</em> < 0.001 for all three scales). Sensitivity and specificity for identification of pain (cut-off value >3) was 73.0% and 65.1% for DCP-CPS, and 60.9% and 83.3% for DCP-FAP, respectively. For the combined DCPS, sensitivity was 87.0% and specificity 90.9% (cut-off value >6).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><p>Based on behavioural and facial expression–based variables, DCPS proved a promising and reproducible tool to assess different types of chronic pain in donkeys. The combination of behavioural and facial expression–based variables showed the best discriminatory characteristics in the current study. Further studies are needed for refinement of these tools.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4000,"publicationDate":"2024-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467298724000886/pdfft?md5=d0660664e9e44f90e3af8149d758d4f0&pid=1-s2.0-S1467298724000886-main.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","FirstCategoryId":"97","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467298724000886","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"VETERINARY SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Objective
To clinically evaluate previously developed pain scales [Donkey Chronic Pain Composite Pain Scale (DCP-CPS), Donkey Chronic Pain Facial Assessment of Pain (DCP-FAP) and combined Donkey Chronic Pain Scale (DCPS)], including behavioural and facial expression–based variables, for the assessment of chronic pain in donkeys.
Study design
Prospective, blinded clinical study.
Animal
A group of 77 donkeys (34 patients and 43 healthy control animals).
Methods
Animals were assessed by two observers that were blinded to the condition of the animals.
Results
Both DCP-CPS and DCP-FAP, and resulting combined DCPS scores, showed good interobserver reliability [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.86–0.95, p < 0.001; ICC = 0.71, CI = 0.50–0.83, p < 0.001 and ICC = 0.84, CI = 0.72–0.91, p < 0.001, respectively]. All scores (DCP-CPS, DCP-FAP and the resulting combined DCPS) were significantly higher for patients than for controls at all time points (p < 0.001 for all three scales). Sensitivity and specificity for identification of pain (cut-off value >3) was 73.0% and 65.1% for DCP-CPS, and 60.9% and 83.3% for DCP-FAP, respectively. For the combined DCPS, sensitivity was 87.0% and specificity 90.9% (cut-off value >6).
Conclusions and clinical relevance
Based on behavioural and facial expression–based variables, DCPS proved a promising and reproducible tool to assess different types of chronic pain in donkeys. The combination of behavioural and facial expression–based variables showed the best discriminatory characteristics in the current study. Further studies are needed for refinement of these tools.
期刊介绍:
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia is the official journal of the Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists, the American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia and the European College of Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. Its purpose is the publication of original, peer reviewed articles covering all branches of anaesthesia and the relief of pain in animals. Articles concerned with the following subjects related to anaesthesia and analgesia are also welcome:
the basic sciences;
pathophysiology of disease as it relates to anaesthetic management
equipment
intensive care
chemical restraint of animals including laboratory animals, wildlife and exotic animals
welfare issues associated with pain and distress
education in veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia.
Review articles, special articles, and historical notes will also be published, along with editorials, case reports in the form of letters to the editor, and book reviews. There is also an active correspondence section.