Pacing Behavior Development: The Role of Task Experience and the Presence of Competitors.

IF 4.1 2区 医学 Q1 SPORT SCIENCES
Stein Gerrit Paul Menting, Mohammed Khudair, Marije Titia Elferink-Gemser, Florentina Johanna Hettinga
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Introduction: Self-regulation of effort during exercise (i.e., pacing) is a determinant of exercise performance, which develops during childhood and adolescence. Yet the various aspects of pacing under development, such as the capability to use task experience and retain the task goal in the presence of other competitors, have remained relatively unexplored.

Methods: Nine adolescents (14.9 ± 2.1 yr old) and 14 adults (24.2 ± 3.2 yr old) completed four 4-km cycling trials in a well-controlled laboratory setting. After one familiarization visit, trials were performed in random order: alone, with the goal to finish the trial as fast as possible (AloneTime), with a competitor and the same goal (CompTime), or with a competitor and the goal to finish first (CompFirst). Within each age-group, repeated-measures ANOVA ( P < 0.05) examined the differences in the estimated task duration, pacing behavior (distribution of mean power output per 500 m), and performance (finish time) between visits (4) or conditions (3).

Results: In contrast to adults ( P < 0.05, ηp2 > 0.20), adolescents did not exhibit a change in estimation of task duration, pacing behavior, or performance over repeated visits ( P > 0.05, ηp2 < 0.10). Adolescents altered their pacing behavior in the presence of a competitor independent of the task goal (CompTime and CompFirst), whereas adults only demonstrated this alteration when instructed to finish first (CompFirst).

Conclusions: Adolescents are still developing the capability 1) to use experience from previous tasks to adjust their pacing behavior and 2) to inhibit the intuitive action of engaging with the competitor to retain the more abstract task goal of finishing the trial as fast as possible. These findings establish novel experimental evidence for the underpinnings of pacing behavior development.

行为发展的步调:任务经验和竞争对手的作用
导言运动过程中的自我调节(即步调)是运动成绩的决定因素,它在儿童和青少年时期逐渐形成。方法:9 名青少年(14.9 ± 2.1 岁)和 14 名成年人(24.2 ± 3.2 岁)在控制良好的实验室环境中完成了 4 次 4 公里自行车试验。经过一次熟悉测试后,他们按照随机顺序进行了测试:单独测试,目标是以最快速度完成测试(AloneTime);与竞争对手一起测试,目标相同(CompTime);或与竞争对手一起测试,目标是以最快速度完成测试(CompFirst)。在每个年龄组中,重复测量方差分析(p < 0.05)检验了不同访问(4 次)或不同条件(3 次)之间在估计任务持续时间、步调行为(每 500 米平均功率输出分布)和成绩(完成时间)方面的差异:与成人相比(p < 0.05,η2p > 0.20),青少年在任务持续时间估计、起搏行为或成绩方面没有表现出重复访问的变化(p > 0.05,η2p < 0.10)。青少年在有竞争者存在的情况下会改变他们的步速行为,而与任务目标无关(CompTime 和 CompFirst),而成年人只有在接到先完成任务的指令时(CompFirst)才会表现出这种改变:青少年仍在发展以下能力:1)利用以往任务的经验来调整自己的步速行为;2)抑制与竞争对手接触的直觉行为,以保持尽可能快地完成试验这一更为抽象的任务目标。这些发现为步调行为的发展基础提供了新的实验证据。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
7.70
自引率
4.90%
发文量
2568
审稿时长
1 months
期刊介绍: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise® features original investigations, clinical studies, and comprehensive reviews on current topics in sports medicine and exercise science. With this leading multidisciplinary journal, exercise physiologists, physiatrists, physical therapists, team physicians, and athletic trainers get a vital exchange of information from basic and applied science, medicine, education, and allied health fields.
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