Beta diversity of restored river dike grasslands is strongly influenced by uncontrolled spatio-temporal variability

IF 2.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Vegetation Science Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI:10.1111/jvs.13293

Markus Bauer, Jakob K. Huber, Johannes Kollmann

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Aims

Understanding the spatio-temporal patterns of restoration outcomes is crucial to improve predictability of restoration. High beta diversity of species-rich communities is sought because it increases overall biodiversity and improves ecosystem stability and multifunctionality. For predictive restoration, it is important to identify the significance of drivers like site characteristics but also uncontrolled factors such as spatial effects, historical factors, and year effects.

Location

Dikes at river Danube, SE Germany.

Methods

We studied dike grasslands 4–19 years after restoration over five years (2017–2021, 41 plots in 12 sites). We calculated beta diversity indices to describe spatial variation and temporal turnover, including their additive components ‘replacement’ and ‘nestedness’, or ‘gains’ and ‘losses’. We analysed the main drivers of beta diversity like local site characteristics, landscape, and historical factors.

Results

Spatial variation of the restored dike grasslands was dominated by the replacement component and showed no homogenisation despite a significant temporal turnover. The replacement drivers changed over time, although replacement was mainly affected by slope aspect and landscape factors. Historical factors were inconsistent over time, and no statistically clear drivers of nestedness were found. The dike grasslands exhibited a year-to-year turnover in species composition of 37 ± 11%. Gains and losses were balanced over time, although the ratio changed and was most pronounced on south-facing slopes.

Conclusions

The restored grasslands exhibited spatial variation by site characteristics but also by spatial factors which were not controlled by restorations. Moreover, high non-directional temporal turnover occurred, caused most likely by weather fluctuations, slightly varying management, and stochastic biotic dynamics. Thus, flexible targets are recommended for restoration monitoring, by defining a set of desired states within a certain range. Furthermore, the dominance of the replacement component of spatial variation should move the focus from defining one precise restoration approach to defining a set of possible methods which together would foster beta diversity.

Abstract Image

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恢复后的河堤草地的 Beta 多样性受到不受控制的时空变化的强烈影响

目的了解恢复结果的时空模式对于提高恢复的可预测性至关重要。人们追求物种丰富群落的高贝塔多样性，因为它能增加整体生物多样性，提高生态系统的稳定性和多功能性。对于预测性恢复而言，重要的是要确定场地特征等驱动因素的重要性，以及空间效应、历史因素和年份效应等不可控因素的重要性。地点德国东南部多瑙河畔的堤坝。方法我们对恢复后 4-19 年的堤坝草地进行了为期五年的研究（2017-2021 年，12 个地点的 41 个地块）。我们计算了贝塔多样性指数，以描述空间变化和时间更替，包括其加法成分 "替换 "和 "嵌套"，或 "收益 "和 "损失"。我们分析了贝塔多样性的主要驱动因素，如当地地点特征、景观和历史因素。结果恢复后的堤坝草地的空间变化以替换成分为主，尽管有显著的时间更替，但没有出现同质化现象。替换驱动因素随时间而变化，但替换主要受坡度和景观因素的影响。历史因素随着时间的推移而不一致，在统计上也没有发现明显的嵌套驱动因素。堤坝草地的物种组成年际更替率为 37 ± 11%。随着时间的推移，物种的增加和减少是平衡的，尽管比例发生了变化，并且在朝南的斜坡上最为明显。结论恢复后的草地表现出不同地点特征的空间变化，但也受到不受恢复控制的空间因素的影响。此外，还出现了高度的非定向时间更替，这很可能是由天气波动、略有不同的管理和随机的生物动态造成的。因此，建议在恢复监测中采用灵活的目标，在一定范围内确定一组理想状态。此外，由于空间变化中的置换成分占主导地位，因此应将重点从确定一种精确的恢复方法转移到确定一系列可能的方法上，这些方法将共同促进贝塔多样性。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Journal of Vegetation Science 环境科学-林学

CiteScore

6.00

自引率

3.60%

发文量

审稿时长

2 months

期刊介绍： The Journal of Vegetation Science publishes papers on all aspects of plant community ecology, with particular emphasis on papers that develop new concepts or methods, test theory, identify general patterns, or that are otherwise likely to interest a broad international readership. Papers may focus on any aspect of vegetation science, e.g. community structure (including community assembly and plant functional types), biodiversity (including species richness and composition), spatial patterns (including plant geography and landscape ecology), temporal changes (including demography, community dynamics and palaeoecology) and processes (including ecophysiology), provided the focus is on increasing our understanding of plant communities. The Journal publishes papers on the ecology of a single species only if it plays a key role in structuring plant communities. Papers that apply ecological concepts, theories and methods to the vegetation management, conservation and restoration, and papers on vegetation survey should be directed to our associate journal, Applied Vegetation Science journal.