Programmable Bacterial Biofilms as Engineered Living Materials

IF 14 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Yanyi Wang, Qian Zhang, Changhao Ge, Bolin An* and Chao Zhong*, 
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Biological substances like wood and bone demonstrate extraordinary characteristics of “living” features, such as the ability to self-grow, self-heal upon encountering damage, and sense and adapt to environmental changes. These attributes are crucial for their survival and adaptation in complex environments. In the field of material science, there is a growing interest in developing biomimetic materials that can self-monitor, adapt to environmental conditions, and self-repair when necessary. Such capabilities would extend the lifespan of materials and pave the way for intelligent applications. However, creating materials with autonomy and intelligence on par with biological systems remains a daunting challenge. In this context, synthetic biology offers a promising avenue. It not only allows for harnessing the inherent dynamic properties of living organisms but provides the possibility of imparting additional advanced functionalities beyond the reach of synthetic materials systems. This approach enables the integration of living cells into materials, providing them with naturally endowed or artificially designed traits. These innovative materials, known as Engineered Living Materials (ELMs), represent an emerging category of smart materials capable of autonomous functions, with applications varying from biomedicine to sustainable technology.

Microbial biofilms, owing to their dynamic and self-organizing features, serve as an exemplary starting point for developing ELMs. Biofilms consist of complex communities of microorganisms residing within three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrices known as extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). These matrices offer an ideal blueprint for designing ELMs, attributing to their remarkable stability, enhanced resilience against severe conditions, and genetic programmability inherent in the EPS components. Various biofilm-based living materials have been developed using biofilm components such as extracellular structural proteins, bacterial cellulose, and fungal mycelium, with applications ranging from pollution remediation, building construction, clean energy generation, and biomedicine. Drawing on traits shared with natural living systems, those ELMs are divided into three main groups: self-organizing living materials, environmentally responsive living materials, and living composite materials. Self-organizing living materials are created by genetically altering biofilm components, giving rise to new functions while maintaining the intrinsic hierarchical self-assembling features of bacterial biofilms. Environmentally responsive living materials harboring artificially designed gene circuits enable them to monitor external conditions and respond to particular cues. High-performance living composite materials integrate genetically modified biofilms with nonliving or artificial substances, harnessing the unique features and benefits of both biofilm components and synthetic materials. This account provides an overview of these three categories of biofilm-based living materials, highlighting their respective design strategies and significant applications. By combining principles from materials science and synthetic biology, ELMs offer the potential to create smart materials with adaptive properties. This Account also addresses the challenges and prospects associated with living biofilm materials, intending to spark new ideas and foster interdisciplinary collaborations in this emerging field.

Abstract Image

作为工程活体材料的可编程细菌生物膜
木材和骨骼等生物物质表现出非凡的 "生命 "特征,如自我生长能力、遇到损伤时的自我修复能力以及感知和适应环境变化的能力。这些特性是它们在复杂环境中生存和适应的关键。在材料科学领域,人们对开发能够自我监测、适应环境条件并在必要时进行自我修复的仿生材料越来越感兴趣。这些功能将延长材料的使用寿命,并为智能应用铺平道路。然而,创造具有与生物系统同等的自主性和智能性的材料仍然是一项艰巨的挑战。在这种情况下,合成生物学提供了一条大有可为的途径。它不仅可以利用活生物体固有的动态特性,还可以赋予合成材料系统无法实现的其他高级功能。这种方法可以将活细胞融入材料,使其具有自然赋予或人工设计的特性。这些创新材料被称为 "工程活体材料"(ELMs),是一类新兴的智能材料,具有自主功能,应用范围从生物医学到可持续技术。生物膜由居住在称为胞外聚合物物质(EPS)的三维(3D)胞外基质中的复杂微生物群落组成。这些基质为设计 ELM 提供了理想的蓝图,因为它们具有显著的稳定性,在恶劣条件下具有更强的复原能力,而且 EPS 成分本身具有遗传可编程性。人们利用胞外结构蛋白、细菌纤维素和真菌菌丝等生物膜成分开发出了各种基于生物膜的生物材料,其应用范围包括污染修复、建筑施工、清洁能源发电和生物医学。借鉴与自然生命系统的共同特征,这些 ELM 主要分为三类:自组织生命材料、环境响应生命材料和生命复合材料。自组织活材料是通过改变生物膜成分的基因而产生的,在保持细菌生物膜固有的分层自组装特征的同时,产生了新的功能。对环境反应灵敏的活体材料蕴藏着人工设计的基因回路,能够监测外部条件并对特定线索做出反应。高性能活体复合材料将转基因生物膜与非活体或人造物质整合在一起,利用了生物膜成分和合成材料的独特功能和优势。本文概述了这三类基于生物膜的活体材料,重点介绍了它们各自的设计策略和重要应用。通过结合材料科学和合成生物学的原理,ELMs 有可能创造出具有自适应特性的智能材料。本综述还探讨了与生物膜活体材料相关的挑战和前景,旨在激发新思路,促进这一新兴领域的跨学科合作。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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CiteScore
17.70
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