Long-Term Variability of Surface Ozone and Its Associations with NOx and Air Temperature Changes from Air Quality Monitoring at Belsk, Poland, 1995–2023

IF 2.5 4区 地球科学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Atmosphere Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI:10.3390/atmos15080960
Izabela Pawlak, Janusz Krzyścin, Janusz Jarosławski
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Abstract

Surface ozone (O3) and nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) measured at the rural station in Belsk (51.83° N, 20.79° E), Poland, over the period of 1995−2023, were examined for long-term variability of O3 and its relationship to changes in the air temperature and NOx. Negative and positive trends were found for the 95th and 5th percentile, respectively, in the O3 data. A weak positive correlation (statistically significant) of 0.33 was calculated between O3 and the temperature averaged from sunrise to sunset during the photoactive part of the year (April–September). Recently, O3 maxima have become less sensitive to temperature changes, reducing the incidence of photochemical smog. The ozone–climate penalty factor decreased from 4.4 µg/m3/°C in the 1995–2004 period to 3.9 µg/m3/°C in the 2015−2023 period. The relationship between Ox (O3 + NO2) and NOx concentrations averaged from sunrise to sunset determined the local and regional contribution to Ox variability. The seasonal local and regional contributions remained unchanged in the period of 1995−2023, stabilizing the average O3 level at Belsk. “NOx-limited” and “VOC-limited” photochemical regimes prevailed in the summer and autumn, respectively. For many winter and spring seasons between 1995 and 2023, the type of photochemical regime could not be accurately determined, making it difficult to build an effective O3 mitigation policy.
1995-2023 年波兰贝尔斯克市空气质量监测得出的地表臭氧长期可变性及其与氮氧化物和气温变化的关系
研究了 1995-2023 年期间在波兰贝尔斯克(北纬 51.83°,东经 20.79°)农村站测量到的地表臭氧(O3)和氮氧化物(NOx = NO + NO2),以了解 O3 的长期变化及其与气温和 NOx 变化的关系。发现臭氧数据的第 95 和第 5 百分位数分别呈负和正趋势。在每年的光照活跃期(4 月至 9 月),O3 与从日出到日落的平均气温之间存在 0.33 的微弱正相关关系(具有统计学意义)。最近,O3 最大值对温度变化的敏感性降低,从而减少了光化学烟雾的发生。臭氧-气候惩罚因子从 1995-2004 年期间的 4.4 µg/m3/°C 降至 2015-2023 年期间的 3.9 µg/m3/°C。Ox(O3 + NO2)与从日出到日落的氮氧化物平均浓度之间的关系决定了本地和区域对 Ox 变化的贡献。在 1995-2023 年期间,当地和区域的季节性贡献保持不变,从而稳定了贝尔斯克市的臭氧平均水平。夏季和秋季分别是 "氮氧化物受限 "和 "挥发性有机化合物受限 "的光化学状态。在 1995 年至 2023 年期间的许多冬季和春季,无法准确确定光化学机制的类型,因此难以制定有效的臭氧减缓政策。
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来源期刊
Atmosphere
Atmosphere METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES-
CiteScore
4.60
自引率
13.80%
发文量
1769
审稿时长
1 months
期刊介绍: Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433) is an international and cross-disciplinary scholarly journal of scientific studies related to the atmosphere. It publishes reviews, regular research papers, communications and short notes, and there is no restriction on the length of the papers. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical research in as much detail as possible. Full experimental and/or methodical details must be provided for research articles.
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