Characterization and stable isotopic fingerprinting of mine seepage in hyperarid environments: An example of the Namib Lead & Zinc mine, Namibia

IF 3.4 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS
Ondra Sracek , Vojtěch Ettler , Bohdan Kříbek , Martin Mihaljevič , Ben Mapani , Vít Penížek , Tereza Zádorová , Aleš Vaněk
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Abstract

Mine drainage at the Namib Lead & Zinc mine in the hyperarid environment of the Namib Desert close to Swakopmund, Namibia, has been investigated using mineralogical, hydrochemical, and isotopic methods. The principal ore minerals are galena and sphalerite. Mine drainage is neutral due to the reactions with the marble gangue rock. Mine water seepage is of the Na-Ca-Cl-SO4 type and sources of dissolved ions are likely halite and gypsum in the unsaturated zone above the mine. Concentrations of dissolved metals are relatively low, and the principal attenuation mechanism of metals is probably their adsorption on ferric minerals because equilibrium of the seepage water with secondary minerals that host the metals is not attained. Based on strongly enriched δ2H (up to 13.27 ‰) and δ18O (up to 4.5 ‰) values, seepage water originates from advective fog and is strongly evaporated after the fog deposition. The high δ13C(DIC) values indicate equilibrium with carbonates and CO2 de-gassing. The δ34S(SO4) values are enriched in shallower depths, probably because of pedogenic gypsum dissolution and then the δ34S values decrease with depth, probably due to the increasing input of sulfur from sulfides. Mine drainage at the Namib Lead & Zinc mine does not represent any risk for the environment due to its neutral character and relatively low seepage water volumes caused by high degree of aridity.

超干旱环境中矿井渗流的特征和稳定同位素指纹:以纳米比亚纳米布铅锌矿为例
纳米比亚铅锌矿位于纳米比亚斯瓦科普蒙德附近纳米布沙漠的超干旱环境中,我们采用矿物学、水化学和同位素方法对该矿的矿井排水进行了研究。主要矿石矿物为方铅矿和闪锌矿。由于与大理石矸石发生反应,矿井排水呈中性。矿井渗水属于 Na-Ca-Cl-SO 类型,溶解离子的来源可能是矿井上方非饱和带的海绿石和石膏。溶解金属的浓度相对较低,金属的主要衰减机制可能是吸附在铁矿物上,因为渗出水与吸附金属的次生矿物之间没有达到平衡。根据强烈富集的δH(高达 13.27 ‰)和δO(高达 4.5 ‰)值,渗漏水来自平流雾,并在雾沉积后被强烈蒸发。较高的δC(DIC)值表明与碳酸盐和 CO 脱气达到平衡。δS(SO)值在较浅的深度富集,这可能是因为石膏溶解,然后δS值随深度下降,这可能是因为硫化物中硫的输入不断增加。纳米布铅锌矿的矿井排水对环境不构成任何风险,因为它具有中性特征,而且由于高度干旱,渗水量相对较低。
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来源期刊
Journal of Geochemical Exploration
Journal of Geochemical Exploration 地学-地球化学与地球物理
CiteScore
7.40
自引率
7.70%
发文量
148
审稿时长
8.1 months
期刊介绍: Journal of Geochemical Exploration is mostly dedicated to publication of original studies in exploration and environmental geochemistry and related topics. Contributions considered of prevalent interest for the journal include researches based on the application of innovative methods to: define the genesis and the evolution of mineral deposits including transfer of elements in large-scale mineralized areas. analyze complex systems at the boundaries between bio-geochemistry, metal transport and mineral accumulation. evaluate effects of historical mining activities on the surface environment. trace pollutant sources and define their fate and transport models in the near-surface and surface environments involving solid, fluid and aerial matrices. assess and quantify natural and technogenic radioactivity in the environment. determine geochemical anomalies and set baseline reference values using compositional data analysis, multivariate statistics and geo-spatial analysis. assess the impacts of anthropogenic contamination on ecosystems and human health at local and regional scale to prioritize and classify risks through deterministic and stochastic approaches. Papers dedicated to the presentation of newly developed methods in analytical geochemistry to be applied in the field or in laboratory are also within the topics of interest for the journal.
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