Establishing a standard protocol for soil texture analysis using the laser diffraction technique

Abstract

Optical methods including laser diffraction have been increasingly used to measure soil texture and particle size distribution. However, they have not been adopted yet as a routine methodology mainly due to the difficulties in comparing their results to more commonly used techniques (i.e., sedimentation methods). Many attempts exist in the literature to find an agreement between methodologies with relative success. In this work, we aim to improve the agreement between methodologies by adjusting parameters of the laser diffraction analysis, including sample treatment (chemical dispersion, carbonate removal, and sand separation), mode of sample addition (subsampling vs. transmittance matching), and analysis parameters (time of sonication and refractive index). Soil texture class determined by laser diffraction agreed with the sieve–hydrometer method in 78% of the runs when the following parameters were used: (1) Refractive index of 1.44 - 0.100i, (2) 180 s of sonication, (3) sand sieving prior to analysis, and (4) sample dispersion by shaking the sample for 1 h with 5% sodium hexametaphosphate. We observed that adding the entire sample to the analyzer (1 g of soil in 100 mL of dispersant) while keeping the appropriate levels of transmittance through dilution (transmittance matching) is a better way of sample addition in comparison to subsampling, especially for coarser soil samples. This work proposes a standard operation procedure that may broaden the adoption of laser diffraction analysis as a routine soil texture methodology.