Green hydrogen pathways, energy efficiencies, and intensities for ground, air, and marine transportation

IF 38.6 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Joule Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI:10.1016/j.joule.2024.07.012

Timothy J. Wallington , Maxwell Woody , Geoffrey M. Lewis , Gregory A. Keoleian , Eytan J. Adler , Joaquim R.R.A. Martins , Matthew D. Collette

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Abstract

Green hydrogen produced by electrolysis with renewable electricity can be used directly or in synthetic fuels (e-fuels) to decarbonize road, rail, marine, and air transportation. However, system inefficiencies during hydrogen or e-fuel production, storage, transportation, dispensing, and use lead to approximately 80%–90% loss of the initial electrical energy input. Electric-powered ground, marine, and air transport is approximately 3–8 times more energy efficient than hydrogen alternatives. Renewable electricity sources in the US are insufficient to support hydrogen production for light-duty vehicles. Therefore, green hydrogen should be used strategically in heavy-duty road, rail, aviation, and marine transportation, where electrification alternatives are constrained by load and range. Energy intensity for hydrogen transport measured by renewable electricity per unit of service follows the current trends for petroleum-fueled transport. For freight, ships and rail are the least intensive modes, followed by heavy-duty trucks, then aircraft: 0.04, 0.2, 2, and 20 MJ per t-km, respectively.

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陆运、空运和海运的绿色制氢途径、能效和强度

利用可再生电力电解产生的绿色氢气可直接用于公路、铁路、海运和空运，也可用于合成燃料（电子燃料），以实现脱碳。然而，在氢气或电子燃料的生产、储存、运输、分配和使用过程中，系统效率低下导致初始电能输入损失约 80%-90%。电力驱动的陆运、海运和空运的能效大约是氢气替代品的 3-8 倍。美国的可再生电力资源不足以支持轻型汽车的氢气生产。因此，绿色氢气应战略性地用于重型公路、铁路、航空和海洋运输，因为在这些领域，电气化替代品受到负载和续航能力的限制。以每单位服务的可再生电力来衡量氢运输的能源强度，与当前以石油为燃料的运输趋势一致。在货运方面，船舶和铁路的能源密集度最低，其次是重型卡车，然后是飞机：每吨公里分别为 0.04、0.2、2 和 20 兆焦耳。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Joule Energy-General Energy

CiteScore

53.10

自引率

2.00%

发文量

198

期刊介绍： Joule is a sister journal to Cell that focuses on research, analysis, and ideas related to sustainable energy. It aims to address the global challenge of the need for more sustainable energy solutions. Joule is a forward-looking journal that bridges disciplines and scales of energy research. It connects researchers and analysts working on scientific, technical, economic, policy, and social challenges related to sustainable energy. The journal covers a wide range of energy research, from fundamental laboratory studies on energy conversion and storage to global-level analysis. Joule aims to highlight and amplify the implications, challenges, and opportunities of novel energy research for different groups in the field.