Could light be a broad-spectrum antimicrobial?

Abstract

A review on antimicrobial resistance mechanisms discussing the main light-based antimicrobial approaches including ultraviolet light (UV), antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), and antimicrobial blue light (aBL). To describe antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and to present potential light-based alternatives to conventional antimicrobials. The paper was divided into different topics, starting with an approach to antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. Subsequently, emphasis was placed on innovative light-based antimicrobials approaches, including aBL, UV, and aPDT. The review suggests that blue light (400–470 nm) acts on endogenous porphyrins with peak absorption at 405 nm, thus not requiring the administration of photosensitizers, to trigger antimicrobial effects. In this regarding, the direct effect of aBL could be attributed to both the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which induces microbicidal effects, and the inactivation of bacterial defense mechanisms. In turn, blue light combined with curcumin has been used in the treatment of dental infections. Otherwise, green light (495–570 nm) associated with the photosensitizer Rose Bengal has shown promising results both in wound closure due to the induction of additional collagen cross-link formation and in reducing the viability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Red light (620–750 nm) is the wavelength most commonly used in aPDT, presenting superior tissue penetration capability compared to blue and green light. Both red and infrared light act directly as photobiomodulation agents, promoting tissue repair with greater penetration depth for the infrared spectrum. Conversely, red light combined with methylene blue is the most commonly used technique in the treatment of localized infections. Meanwhile, infrared light associated with indocyanine green acts as a photothermal and photosensitizing agent, promoting thermal damage and production of ROS. Ultraviolet lights UVA, UVB, and UVC (200–400 nm) have antimicrobial potential related to inducing changes in DNA and generating both ROS and singlet oxygen. Furthermore, light can enhance the efficacy of traditional antimicrobial agents by deactivating microbial resistance, both through increasing the permeability of the cell membrane and by inhibiting the efflux pump and β-lactamases of the bacteria. The antimicrobial potential of light is extensive; however, there is a limitation regarding the depth of penetration of certain wavelengths into infected areas. Furthermore, there is a need for additional studies to determine the safety and efficacy of various approaches using light at its different wavelengths.