Characterization of the Arabidopsis thaliana chromatin remodeler DEK3 for its interaction with histones and DNA

Abstract

Chromatin structure and dynamics regulate all DNA-templated processes, such as transcription, replication, and repair. Chromatin binding factors, chromatin architectural proteins, and nucleosome remodelers modulate chromatin structure and dynamics and, thereby, the various DNA-dependent processes. Arabidopsis thaliana DEK3, a member of the evolutionarily conserved DEK domain-containing chromatin architectural proteins, is an important factor for chromatin structure and function, involved in transcriptional programming to regulate flowering time and abiotic stress tolerance. AtDEK3 contains an uncharacterized N-terminal domain, a middle SAF domain (winged helix-like domain), and a C-terminal DEK domain, but their role in the interaction of AtDEK3 with histones and DNA remained poorly understood. Using biochemical and biophysical analyses, we provide a comprehensive in vitro characterization of the different AtDEK3 domains for their interaction with histone H3/H4 and DNA. AtDEK3 directly interacts with histone H3/H4 tetramers through its N-terminal domain and the C-terminal DEK domain in a 1:1 stoichiometry. Upon interaction with H3/H4, the unstructured N-terminal domain of AtDEK3 undergoes a conformational change and adopts an alpha-helical conformation. In addition, the in-solution envelope structures of the AtDEK3 domains and their complex with H3/H4 have been characterized. The SAF and DEK domains associate with double-stranded and four-way junction DNA. As DEK3 possesses a histone-interacting domain at the N- and the C-terminus and a DNA-binding domain in the middle and at the C-terminus, the protein might play a complex role as a chromatin remodeler.