Evolution of waterborne diseases: A case study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

IF 2.3 Q2 MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL
SAGE Open Medicine Pub Date : 2024-07-31 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI:10.1177/20503121241263032
Muhammad Atif, Gohar Ayub, Fazal Shakoor, Muhammad Farooq, Muhammad Iqbal, Qamruz Zaman, Muhammad Ilyas
{"title":"Evolution of waterborne diseases: A case study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.","authors":"Muhammad Atif, Gohar Ayub, Fazal Shakoor, Muhammad Farooq, Muhammad Iqbal, Qamruz Zaman, Muhammad Ilyas","doi":"10.1177/20503121241263032","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>In Pakistan, the degradation of drinking water quality is exacerbated by the increasing population size and rapid industrialization. Contaminated water serves as the predominant source of numerous diseases, including diarrhea, gastroenteritis, and typhoid. This article explores the evolution of waterborne diseases across 21 districts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan by monitoring changes in the clustering solutions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The data employed in this study were sourced from 21 districts of KP by the Director-General Health Services. Cluster analysis was utilized to uncover patterns in waterborne disease incidence, while principal component analysis was employed to reveal underlying patterns and reduce dimensionality. Additionally, the MONItoring Clusters (MONIC) framework was applied for change detection, facilitating the identification of significant shifts in disease patterns over time and aiding in the understanding of temporal dynamics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our analysis indicates that two clusters survived consistently over time, while other clusters exhibited inconsistency. Profiling of the surviving clusters (C<sub>12</sub> → C<sub>24</sub> → C<sub>32</sub> → C<sub>43</sub>) suggests a gradual increase in cases of bloody diarrhea in the Swat Valley, Hangu, Karak, and Lakki Marwat regions. Similarly, profiling of the surviving clusters (⊙→ C<sub>22</sub> → C<sub>34</sub> → C<sub>44</sub>) suggests an increase in the acute watery diarrhea (non-cholera) and typhoid fever in the regions of Peshawar, Nowshera, and Swabi.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings of this study hold significant importance as they pinpoint the most vulnerable regions for various waterborne diseases. These insights offer valuable guidance to policymakers and health officials, empowering them to implement effective measures for controlling waterborne diseases in the respective regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.</p>","PeriodicalId":21398,"journal":{"name":"SAGE Open Medicine","volume":"12 ","pages":"20503121241263032"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3000,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11292715/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"SAGE Open Medicine","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121241263032","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2024/1/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"eCollection","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

Abstract

Objectives: In Pakistan, the degradation of drinking water quality is exacerbated by the increasing population size and rapid industrialization. Contaminated water serves as the predominant source of numerous diseases, including diarrhea, gastroenteritis, and typhoid. This article explores the evolution of waterborne diseases across 21 districts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan by monitoring changes in the clustering solutions.

Methods: The data employed in this study were sourced from 21 districts of KP by the Director-General Health Services. Cluster analysis was utilized to uncover patterns in waterborne disease incidence, while principal component analysis was employed to reveal underlying patterns and reduce dimensionality. Additionally, the MONItoring Clusters (MONIC) framework was applied for change detection, facilitating the identification of significant shifts in disease patterns over time and aiding in the understanding of temporal dynamics.

Results: Our analysis indicates that two clusters survived consistently over time, while other clusters exhibited inconsistency. Profiling of the surviving clusters (C12 → C24 → C32 → C43) suggests a gradual increase in cases of bloody diarrhea in the Swat Valley, Hangu, Karak, and Lakki Marwat regions. Similarly, profiling of the surviving clusters (⊙→ C22 → C34 → C44) suggests an increase in the acute watery diarrhea (non-cholera) and typhoid fever in the regions of Peshawar, Nowshera, and Swabi.

Conclusion: The findings of this study hold significant importance as they pinpoint the most vulnerable regions for various waterborne diseases. These insights offer valuable guidance to policymakers and health officials, empowering them to implement effective measures for controlling waterborne diseases in the respective regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

水传播疾病的演变:巴基斯坦开伯尔巴图克瓦省案例研究。
目标:在巴基斯坦,由于人口增加和工业化进程加快,饮用水水质恶化的问题日益严重。受污染的水是包括腹泻、肠胃炎和伤寒在内的多种疾病的主要病源。本文通过监测聚类解决方案的变化,探讨了巴基斯坦开伯尔巴图克瓦省 21 个地区水传播疾病的演变情况:本研究采用的数据来自开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省 21 个县的卫生局局长。聚类分析用于揭示水传播疾病发病率的模式,主成分分析用于揭示潜在模式并降低维度。此外,还采用了 MONItoring Clusters(MONIC)框架来检测变化,从而有助于识别疾病模式随时间的显著变化,并帮助了解时间动态:结果:我们的分析表明,有两个群组随着时间的推移持续存在,而其他群组则表现出不一致性。对幸存群组(C12 → C24 → C32 → C43)的分析表明,斯瓦特河谷、汉古、卡拉克和拉克基马瓦特地区的血性腹泻病例逐渐增多。同样,对存活群组(⊙→C22→C34→C44)的特征分析表明,白沙瓦、诺谢拉和斯瓦比地区的急性水样腹泻(非霍乱)和伤寒病例有所增加:这项研究的结果具有重要意义,因为它们指出了最易感染各种水传播疾病的地区。这些见解为政策制定者和卫生官员提供了宝贵的指导,使他们有能力在巴基斯坦开伯尔巴图克瓦省的各个地区采取有效措施控制水传播疾病。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
求助全文
约1分钟内获得全文 求助全文
来源期刊
SAGE Open Medicine
SAGE Open Medicine MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL-
CiteScore
3.50
自引率
4.30%
发文量
289
审稿时长
12 weeks
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
copy
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
右上角分享
点击右上角分享
0
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术官方微信