Assessment of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor–Mediated Effects of Aromatic Sensitizers in Paper Recycling Effluent Employing Zebrafish Embryos and in Silico Docking

IF 3.6 4区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI:10.1002/etc.5969

Kazuki Takeda, Aoi Sarata, Masanori Terasaki, Akira Kubota, Keita Shimizu, Ryo Kamata

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Abstract

Aromatic sensitizers and related substances (SRCs), which are crucial in the paper industry for facilitating color-forming and color-developing chemical reactions, inadvertently contaminate effluents during paper recycling. Owing to their structural resemblance to endocrine-disrupting aromatic organic compounds, concerns have arisen about potential adverse effects on aquatic organisms. We focused on SRC effects via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), employing molecular docking simulations and zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo exposure assessments. Molecular docking revealed heightened binding affinities between certain SRCs in the paper recycling effluents and zebrafish Ahr2 and human AHR, which are pivotal components in the SRC toxicity mechanism. Fertilized zebrafish eggs were exposed to SRCs for up to 96 h post fertilization; among these substances, benzyl 2-naphthyl ether (BNE) caused morphological abnormalities, such as pericardial edema and shortened body length, at relatively low concentrations (1 μM) during embryogenesis. Gene expression of cytochrome P450 1A (cyp1a) and ahr2 was also significantly increased by BNE. Co-exposure to the AHR antagonist CH-223191 only partially mitigated BNE's phenotypic effects, despite the effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin being relatively well restored by CH-223191, indicating BNE's AHR-independent toxic mechanisms. Furthermore, some SRCs, including BNE, exhibited in silico binding affinity to the estrogen receptor and upregulation of cyp19a1b gene expression. Therefore, additional insights into the toxicity of SRCs and their mechanisms are essential. The present results provide important information on SRCs and other papermaking chemicals that could help minimize the environmental impact of the paper industry. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:2176–2188. © 2024 SETAC

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利用斑马鱼胚胎和硅对接评估造纸回收废水中芳香烃受体介导的芳香敏化剂效应

芳香族敏化剂及相关物质 (SRC) 在造纸工业中对促进成色和显色化学反应至关重要，但在纸张回收过程中却无意中污染了污水。由于它们在结构上与干扰内分泌的芳香族有机化合物相似，人们担心它们会对水生生物产生潜在的不利影响。我们通过分子对接模拟和斑马鱼（Danio rerio）胚胎暴露评估，重点研究了 SRC 通过芳基烃受体（AHR）产生的影响。分子对接显示，造纸回收废水中的某些 SRC 与斑马鱼 Ahr2 和人类 AHR（SRC 毒性机制中的关键成分）之间的结合亲和力增强。受精斑马鱼卵在受精后接触SRC长达96小时；在这些物质中，苄基2-萘醚（BNE）在相对较低的浓度（1 μM）下就会在胚胎发育过程中引起形态异常，如心包水肿和体长缩短。细胞色素 P450 1A (cyp1a) 和 ahr2 的基因表达也因 BNE 而显著增加。同时暴露于AHR拮抗剂CH-223191只能部分减轻BNE的表型效应，尽管CH-223191能相对较好地恢复2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并-对-二恶英的效应，这表明BNE的毒性机制与AHR无关。此外，包括 BNE 在内的一些 SRC 与雌激素受体的结合亲和力和 cyp19a1b 基因表达的上调也在硅学中有所表现。因此，进一步了解 SRC 的毒性及其机制至关重要。本研究结果提供了有关SRC及其他造纸化学品的重要信息，有助于将造纸业对环境的影响降至最低。环境毒物化学 2024;00:1-13。© 2024 SETAC.

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来源期刊

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 环境科学-毒理学

CiteScore

7.40

自引率

9.80%

发文量

265

审稿时长

3.4 months

期刊介绍： The Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) publishes two journals: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (ET&C) and Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management (IEAM). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry is dedicated to furthering scientific knowledge and disseminating information on environmental toxicology and chemistry, including the application of these sciences to risk assessment.[...] Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry is interdisciplinary in scope and integrates the fields of environmental toxicology; environmental, analytical, and molecular chemistry; ecology; physiology; biochemistry; microbiology; genetics; genomics; environmental engineering; chemical, environmental, and biological modeling; epidemiology; and earth sciences. ET&C seeks to publish papers describing original experimental or theoretical work that significantly advances understanding in the area of environmental toxicology, environmental chemistry and hazard/risk assessment. Emphasis is given to papers that enhance capabilities for the prediction, measurement, and assessment of the fate and effects of chemicals in the environment, rather than simply providing additional data. The scientific impact of papers is judged in terms of the breadth and depth of the findings and the expected influence on existing or future scientific practice. Methodological papers must make clear not only how the work differs from existing practice, but the significance of these differences to the field. Site-based research or monitoring must have regional or global implications beyond the particular site, such as evaluating processes, mechanisms, or theory under a natural environmental setting.