2D:4D digit ratio as a potential marker for prostate cancer risk

Abstract

Background

The second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is thought to reflect prenatal exposure to sex steroids. We investigated the relationship between 2D:4D and odds of prostate cancer.

Method

Data were collected in PROtEuS, a population-based case-control study conducted in Montréal, Canada (2005–2012), including 1931 incident prostate cancer cases aged < 76 years and 1994 population controls. In-person interviews elicited information on potential risk factors. Digit lengths were measured by interviewers applying a standard protocol. Odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression adjusting for potential confounders.

Results

The OR of prostate cancer for a standard deviation increase in 2D:4D was 0.91 (95 % CI: 0.85–0.98). For less and more aggressive cancers, ORs were 0.93 (95 % CI: 0.87–1.00) and 0.85 (95 % CI: 0.77–0.93), respectively. There was an interaction with ancestry (p=0.04), whereas the OR among men of African descent was 1.23 (95 % CI: 0.96–1.57, based on 128 cases).

Conclusion

Findings suggest an inverse association between 2D:4D and odds of overall prostate cancer, more pronounced for aggressive cancers. This supports the notion that high levels of testosterone in utero, estimated by a low 2D:4D ratio, are associated with a higher risk of prostate cancer. Contrastingly, a high digit ratio was associated with greater cancer odds among participants of African descent. Upon replication, 2D:4D could prove to be an easily measured marker of prostate cancer risk.