Valorization of Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) as a sustainable approach to remediation of xenobiotic compounds in groundwater - A comprehensive review
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Abstract
In the present era of the industrial revolution, chemical-based agriculture practices, and urbanization, the environment has severe repercussions from various xenobiotics and has become a pitfall worldwide. Xenobiotic compounds such as heavy metals, dyes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oil spills, pharmaceuticals' active compounds (PhACs), and agrochemicals show detrimental effects on the environment through long-term persistence causing biomagnification, pollution, etc. In the last few decades, researchers have dedicated themselves to developing different physical and chemical remediation methods, although facing several drawbacks and challenges and searching for eco-friendly alternatives like bioremediation. Conventionally bioremediation utilizes biological agents such as plants, microbes, fungi, etc. To reduce environmental pollutants' effects. Although conventional bioremediation has certain limitations, SMS (spent mushroom substrate) has recently drawn great attention worldwide because of its low cost, environment-friendly nature, easy availability, and higher remediation efficiency. Scientists have used waste mushroom SMS for bioremediation purposes for various xenobiotic compounds. Therefore, the present review's foremost aim is to encompass the role of mushroom SMS in the remediation of xenobiotic compounds, techniques for studying the adsorbent properties of SMS, factors affecting the adsorption process, and the probable mechanism involved in its remediation process. This study has noteworthy findings implying that eco-friendly multi-purpose SMS has great efficacy against environmental contaminants, and its removal efficiency gets increased with combinatorial approaches like SMS amendments (biochar, etc), phytoremediation, rhizoremediation, and nanoremediation. Various mechanisms, including ion exchange, free radical reactions, enzymatic processes, microbe-mediated remediation, permeation, and chelation, may play a role in SMS-mediated groundwater and environmental contaminant remediation.
期刊介绍：
Groundwater for Sustainable Development is directed to different stakeholders and professionals, including government and non-governmental organizations, international funding agencies, universities, public water institutions, public health and other public/private sector professionals, and other relevant institutions. It is aimed at professionals, academics and students in the fields of disciplines such as: groundwater and its connection to surface hydrology and environment, soil sciences, engineering, ecology, microbiology, atmospheric sciences, analytical chemistry, hydro-engineering, water technology, environmental ethics, economics, public health, policy, as well as social sciences, legal disciplines, or any other area connected with water issues. The objectives of this journal are to facilitate: • The improvement of effective and sustainable management of water resources across the globe. • The improvement of human access to groundwater resources in adequate quantity and good quality. • The meeting of the increasing demand for drinking and irrigation water needed for food security to contribute to a social and economically sound human development. • The creation of a global inter- and multidisciplinary platform and forum to improve our understanding of groundwater resources and to advocate their effective and sustainable management and protection against contamination. • Interdisciplinary information exchange and to stimulate scientific research in the fields of groundwater related sciences and social and health sciences required to achieve the United Nations Millennium Development Goals for sustainable development.
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