Brain Tumors in Pediatric Patients

Abstract

Pediatric brain tumors are the most common solid tumors in children, comprising a diverse group of neoplasms that vary in histology, location, and behavior. Common types include astrocytomas, medulloblastomas, ependymomas, and brainstem gliomas. Symptoms often depend on the tumor's location and may include headaches, nausea, vomiting, balance issues, and cognitive or behavioral changes. Advances in imaging, surgical techniques, and therapies, including radiation and chemotherapy, have improved outcomes. However, treatment can have long-term effects on cognitive and physical development, making comprehensive care and follow-up essential for pediatric patients. Early published reviews on pediatric brain tumors may have several lacunae, such as limited data on long-term outcomes, emerging treatment modalities, and the genetic and molecular underpinnings of various tumor types. They might also inadequately address the psychosocial impacts on patients and families. Therefore, a comprehensive review is needed to synthesize the latest research on pediatric brain tumors, encompassing advancements in diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship care. This updated review will provide valuable insights for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers to improve managing and supporting children with brain tumors. The review covers various aspects of pediatric brain tumors, focusing on choroid plexus tumors and spinal cord tumors. It discusses treatment strategies, highlighting surgical, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy options. The review also details presenting signs and symptoms of brain tumors in children, such as headaches, nausea, vomiting, balance issues, and changes in behavior or cognition. These insights aim to enhance early diagnosis and effective management, improving outcomes for affected children. This review addresses gaps in earlier studies on pediatric brain tumors by providing comprehensive insights into choroid plexus and spinal cord tumors, updated treatment strategies, and detailed symptoms. It synthesizes recent research to enhance early diagnosis and management, meeting current needs for effective, tailored treatment and improving patient outcomes.