Soil Carbon Sequestration and Agronomic Productivity as Influenced by the Long-Term Organic and Inorganic Fertilisation Under the Upland Rice–Wheat System in Vertisols of Central India

Anthropocene Science Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI:10.1007/s44177-024-00072-w

Ch. Srinivasarao, Sumanta Kundu, D. P. Dubey, Rajiv Dubey, S. Rakesh, Rattan Lal, P. C. Abhilash, J. V. N. S. Prasad, G. Pratibha, Somasundaram Jayaraman, K. Mrunalini, K. A. Gopinath, Anil K. Singh, G. K. Dinesh, G. Mohan Naidu, Pankaj K. Singh, Kirttiranjan Baral, Rajbir Singh

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Abstract

Storage of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in the soil profile is a current global challenge. Despite greater attention to research investigating the buildup of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the surface soil layer (0‒0.2 m), information on C sequestration rates in sub-soil layers (0‒1.0 m) is scanty in tropical upland crop production systems. We investigated the relationship of inputs of biomass C and C sequestration rates with the sustainability yield index (SYI) of the upland rice-based system in Vertisols of Central India. A randomised block design (RBD) was followed with five treatments viz., T1 = control; T2 = 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) (fertiliser) (40 kg N each for rice and wheat); T3 = 100% RDN (compost @ 8 Mg ha⁻¹); T4 = 50% RDN (fertiliser) + 50% RDN (compost); T5 = 50% RDN (fertiliser) + 50% RDN (compost) + Azotobacter (2 kg ha⁻¹). Changes in soil C stock under each treatment were measured for five depths (0–0.2, 0.2–0.4, 0.4–0.6, 0.6–0.8 and 0.8–1.0 m). Results of long-term (1998–2011) experiments highlighted that the total system productivity could be improved by regular inputs of compost. Maximum crop yields of rice and wheat (1829 and 2066 kg ha⁻¹, respectively) were obtained when 100% N was supplied through compost. However, the sustainability of the rice–wheat cropping system was improved with integrated nutrient management (INM) (T4). Mean SOC concentration increased from 4.50 to 6.03 g kg⁻¹ over control, and 19.2 Mg C ha⁻¹ was sequestered out of the cumulative total C input of 46.80 Mg C ha⁻¹ in the organic treatment (T3). A strong correlation (R² ≥ 0.96, P < 0.05) was found between total C inputs and profile C content, stock, and sequestration rate. The soil C sequestration efficiency was 67.9% for the rice–wheat cropping system. A critical C input of 1.30 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ was needed to maintain the SOC at the antecedent level for Vertisols. Thus, the combined application of organic amendments with fertilisers is paramount to sustain the productivity of the upland rice–wheat system and enhance SOC sequestration rates in sub-soil layers in Vertisols in sub-humid tropics.

Graphical Abstract

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印度中部椎体土质高地水稻-小麦系统中长期有机和无机施肥对土壤碳吸收和农艺生产力的影响

在土壤剖面中储存人为排放的二氧化碳（CO2）是当前全球面临的一项挑战。尽管有关表层土壤（0-0.2 米）土壤有机碳（SOC）积累的研究受到了更多关注，但有关热带高地作物生产系统中土壤下层（0-1.0 米）固碳率的信息却很少。我们研究了印度中部以水稻为基础的高地椎质土壤系统的生物量碳输入和碳螯合率与可持续性产量指数（SYI）之间的关系。采用随机区组设计 (RBD)，五个处理分别为：T1 = 对照；T2 = 100%推荐剂量氮（RDN）（肥料）（水稻和小麦各施 40 千克氮）；T3 = 100% RDN（堆肥 @ 8 兆克/公顷-1）；T4 = 50% RDN（肥料）+ 50% RDN（堆肥）；T5 = 50% RDN（肥料）+ 50% RDN（堆肥）+ 氮细菌（2 千克/公顷-1）。测量了每种处理下五个深度（0-0.2 米、0.2-0.4 米、0.4-0.6 米、0.6-0.8 米和 0.8-1.0 米）的土壤碳储量变化。长期（1998-2011 年）试验的结果表明，定期施用堆肥可提高整个系统的生产力。通过堆肥提供 100% 的氮时，水稻和小麦的产量最高（分别为 1829 千克/公顷和 2066 千克/公顷）。然而，综合养分管理（INM）（T4）提高了水稻-小麦种植系统的可持续性。平均 SOC 浓度从对照组的 4.50 克/千克增加到 6.03 克/千克，在有机处理（T3）中，每公顷 46.80 毫克 C 的累积总 C 输入量中，有 19.2 毫克 C 被螯合。总碳输入量与剖面碳含量、储量和固碳率之间存在很强的相关性（R2 ≥ 0.96，P < 0.05）。水稻-小麦种植系统的土壤固碳效率为 67.9%。要将惰性土壤中的 SOC 保持在初始水平，需要每年每公顷 1.30 兆克 C 的临界 C 输入量。因此，要维持高地稻麦系统的生产力并提高亚湿润热带地区惰性土层下的 SOC 固存率，必须将有机添加剂与肥料结合使用。

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Anthropocene Science

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