Effect of Incorporating Cement and Olive Waste Ash on the Mechanical Properties of Rammed Earth Block

IF 2.7 Q2 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Infrastructures Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI:10.3390/infrastructures9080122

H. Ghanem, Chouk El Bouz, R. Ramadan, Adrien Trad, Jamal M. Khatib, A. Elkordi

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Rammed earth blocks have recently gained substantial popularity in construction materials due to their environmental benefits, energy saving, and financial effectiveness. These benefits are even more pronounced if waste materials such as olive waste ash (OWA) are incorporated in rammed earth blocks. There is limited information on the use of OWA in rammed earth blocks. This paper investigates the use of OWA and cement in improving rammed earth block characteristics. OWA was incorporated to partially replace the soil by 10, 20, 30 and 40% of its weight and cement was added in percentages of 2, 4, 6 and 8% by the dry weight of the composite soil. Proctor, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests were performed at 7, 28, and 56 days. Results indicated that OWA inclusion decreased the maximum dry density while it increased the optimum moisture content. However, cement addition improved the maximum dry density of soil. The UCS results revealed that OWA possessed cementitious and pozzolanic behavior, and soil mechanical properties improved by up to 30% due to OWA inclusion, after which there was a significant drop of 40%. The trend in the CBR results was similar to those of UCS. To further clarify the experimental results, a mathematical model was proposed to determine the variation in strength as a function of time. Furthermore, correlations between soil mechanical properties were conducted. Predicted equations were developed to determine the properties of rammed earth block. All in all, the inclusion of OWA in cement stabilized earth block suggests the potential to improve the properties of rammed earth blocks.

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掺入水泥和橄榄废灰对夯实土块力学性能的影响

夯土砌块因其环保、节能和经济效益，最近在建筑材料中大受欢迎。如果在夯土砌块中加入橄榄废灰（OWA）等废料，这些优势会更加明显。有关在夯土砌块中使用 OWA 的信息非常有限。本文研究了如何使用 OWA 和水泥来改善夯土砌块的特性。添加的 OWA 部分取代了土壤，占其重量的 10%、20%、30% 和 40%，水泥的添加比例为复合土壤干重的 2%、4%、6% 和 8%。在 7 天、28 天和 56 天时分别进行了 Proctor、无侧限抗压强度（UCS）和加州承载比（CBR）测试。结果表明，加入 OWA 会降低最大干密度，同时增加最佳含水量。然而，水泥的加入提高了土壤的最大干密度。UCS 结果表明，OWA 具有胶凝和水青作用，加入 OWA 后，土壤机械性能最多可提高 30%，之后则显著下降了 40%。CBR 结果的趋势与 UCS 相似。为了进一步阐明实验结果，我们提出了一个数学模型来确定强度随时间的变化。此外，还进行了土壤机械性能之间的相关性分析。通过建立预测方程，确定了夯实土块的特性。总而言之，在水泥稳定土块中加入 OWA 表明有可能改善夯实土块的性能。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Infrastructures Engineering-Building and Construction

CiteScore

5.20

自引率

7.70%

发文量

145

审稿时长

11 weeks