Self-Powered Nanostructured Piezoelectric Filaments as Advanced Transducers for New Cochlear Implants

Abstract

The conversion of sound vibration into electrical potential is a critical function performed by cochlear hair cells. Unlike the regenerative capacity found in various other cells throughout the body, cochlear sensory cells lack the ability to regenerate once damaged. Furthermore, a decline in the quantity of these cells results in a deterioration of auditory function. Piezoelectric materials can generate electric charge in response to sound wave vibration, making them theoretically suitable for replacing hair cell function. This study explores an innovative approach using piezoelectric nanocomposite filaments, namely poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(vinylidene fluoride)/barium titanate, and poly(vinylidene fluoride)/reduced graphene oxide, as self-powered acoustic sensors designed to function in place of cochlear hair cells. These flexible filaments demonstrate a unique ability to generate electricity in response to frequency sounds from 50 up to 1000 Hz at moderate sound pressure levels (60–95 dB), approaching the audible range with an overall acoustoelectric energy conversion efficiency of 3.25%. Serving as self-powered acoustic sensors, these flexible filaments hold promise for potential applications in cochlear implants, with a high sensitivity of 117.5 mV (Pa·cm²)⁻¹. The cytocompatibility of these filaments was assessed through in vitro viability tests conducted on three cell lines, serving as a model for inner ear cells.