Learning disabilities in children with hearing loss: A systematic review

Abstract

Purpose

The main aim of this systematic review was to investigate the possible association between hearing loss [and/or history of otitis media with effusion (OME)] and learning difficulties in children. Secondary aims were to: (i) investigate if deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) children with learning difficulties might show different clinical and neuropsychological features compared with those with other neurodevelopmental disorders; (ii) identify possible predictors of learning difficulty in DHH children.

Methods

A review was conducted of the scientific literature reported by Pubmed, Cochrane and Scopus databases. The following inclusion criteria were used: (i) studies published after 2000; (ii) studies conducted considering subjects with age < 18 years; (iii) studies considering patients who showed both learning difficulties and hearing loss and/or episodes of OME; (iv) articles written in English. The exclusion criteria were: (i) presence in the studied cohort of any other proven comorbidities, other than hearing loss and/or OME; (ii) non-original studies.

Results

A total of 924 studies were identified. Four were reviewed after applying the above criteria. From their analysis it emerged that: (i) children with hearing loss who had undergone a diagnostic and rehabilitation program before 6 months of age had better levels of K readiness and language and literacy skills compared to those who had undergone it after 6 months; (ii) higher frequency of episodes of OME and the presence of a conductive hearing loss during the period of language acquisition was associated to lower scores in reading skills; (iii) reading difficulties found in subjects with hearing loss had similar characteristics to those with language difficulties.

Conclusions

There is a dearth of information about this topic. Further investigations are therefore necessary on children of various ages with hearing loss to disclose learning difficulties in reading and writing abilities using current diagnostic tools.