Long‐proboscid horseflies (Philoliche: Tabanidae) as pollinators of co‐adapted plants in Africa and Asia

IF 1.7 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY
Steven D. Johnson
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Elongated nectar‐feeding mouthparts have evolved in several fly families, most notably Nemestrinidae, Bombylidae and Tabanidae. Plants pollinated by these “long‐proboscid flies” tend to have relatively specialized pollination systems. In this review, I focus on the blood‐ and nectar‐feeding horsefly genus Philoliche (Tabanidae: Pangoniinae) which includes species that are important pollinators of plants in Africa and, to a lesser extent, in Asia. The nectar‐feeding mouthparts of flower‐visiting Philoliche species range from 5 to 65 mm in length, with considerable intraspecific variation evident in some taxa. Plants pollinated by Philoliche species tend to have corolla tubes (or highly exerted reproductive structures) that match the proboscis dimensions of their pollinators. Some Philoliche species and their nectar host plants show population‐level covariation in proboscis lengths and flower depths that is indicative of co‐adaptation. I summarize existing information on the distribution and morphology of Philoliche species known to pollinate flowers as well as the identity, morphology and nectar properties of plants pollinated by these insects. This survey identifies some Philoliche species as keystone pollinators. Distinct guilds of plants are adapted to different horsefly species in different geographical regions and are generally ecologically reliant on these insects, although some plant species share tabanid and nemestrinid pollinators that are functionally similar on account of convergent evolution of their proboscis dimensions. Lack of information about the larval biology, nectar host plants, fire ecology and dispersal distances of Philoliche species is the biggest challenge for the conservation of these specialized pollinators and the plants that depend on them.
长喙马蝇(Philoliche: Tabanidae)作为非洲和亚洲共同适应植物的传粉媒介
有几个蝇科已经进化出了细长的采蜜口器,其中最著名的是线蝇科(Nemestrinidae)、蝇科(Bombylidae)和蝇科(Tabanidae)。由这些 "长喙蝇 "授粉的植物往往具有相对专门的授粉系统。在这篇综述中,我将重点介绍食血和花蜜的马蝇属(Philoliche)(Tabanidae:Pangoniinae),其中包括一些物种,它们是非洲植物的重要授粉者,在较小程度上也是亚洲植物的重要授粉者。嗜花马蝇的食蜜口器长度从 5 毫米到 65 毫米不等,某些类群的种内差异很大。由菲利柯属物种授粉的植物往往具有与其授粉者的口器尺寸相匹配的花冠管(或高度外露的生殖结构)。一些菲洛丽斯科物种及其蜜源寄主植物在探针长度和花深方面表现出种群水平的共变,这表明它们之间存在共同适应。我总结了已知为花授粉的Philoliche物种的分布和形态信息,以及这些昆虫授粉植物的特征、形态和蜜源特性。这项调查确定了一些Philoliche物种为关键授粉昆虫。在不同的地理区域,不同的植物种类适应不同的马蝇种类,而且在生态学上一般都依赖这些昆虫,尽管有些植物种类共用塔班氏马蝇(tabanid)和姬马蝇(nemestrinid)授粉昆虫,但由于其探针尺寸的趋同进化,这些昆虫的功能相似。缺乏有关 Philoliche 物种的幼虫生物学、花蜜寄主植物、火生态学和传播距离的信息,是保护这些特化传粉昆虫和依赖它们的植物面临的最大挑战。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
3.40
自引率
5.30%
发文量
132
审稿时长
6 months
期刊介绍: The Journal of Applied Entomology publishes original articles on current research in applied entomology, including mites and spiders in terrestrial ecosystems. Submit your next manuscript for rapid publication: the average time is currently 6 months from submission to publication. With Journal of Applied Entomology''s dynamic article-by-article publication process, Early View, fully peer-reviewed and type-set articles are published online as soon as they complete, without waiting for full issue compilation.
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