{"title":"Effect of Sn Orientation on Electromigration Failure in CuSn Solders","authors":"Andrew Minh Pham, Fariha Haq, Subramanya Sadasiva, Guangxu Li, Marisol Koslowski","doi":"10.1007/s11664-024-11301-8","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) has emerged as one of the most widely accepted lead-free solders used as interconnecting material in electronic packaging. However, these systems still have major reliability problems. During manufacturing, the interfacial reaction of Cu with molten Sn-based solder results in the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds (IMC) that accelerate the degradation of these systems. The evolution of IMC follows during operation due to electromigration (EM), which in addition is responsible for Cu depletion. Both mechanisms are strongly affected by the anisotropic diffusion of Sn resulting in large variability of solders life time prediction. We developed a model to study the formation and evolution of IMC and the diffusion of copper due to EM that includes the impact of Sn crystal orientation on solder failure during fabrication and operation. Our findings show that IMC growth is polarized during electromigration, accelerating at the anode and slowing at the cathode. Similarly, copper depletion is more pronounced at the cathode. The anisotropy of Sn strongly affects the rates of IMC growth and copper depletion during electromigration, shaping solder failure during operation.</p>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2000,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Electronic Materials","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-024-11301-8","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) has emerged as one of the most widely accepted lead-free solders used as interconnecting material in electronic packaging. However, these systems still have major reliability problems. During manufacturing, the interfacial reaction of Cu with molten Sn-based solder results in the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds (IMC) that accelerate the degradation of these systems. The evolution of IMC follows during operation due to electromigration (EM), which in addition is responsible for Cu depletion. Both mechanisms are strongly affected by the anisotropic diffusion of Sn resulting in large variability of solders life time prediction. We developed a model to study the formation and evolution of IMC and the diffusion of copper due to EM that includes the impact of Sn crystal orientation on solder failure during fabrication and operation. Our findings show that IMC growth is polarized during electromigration, accelerating at the anode and slowing at the cathode. Similarly, copper depletion is more pronounced at the cathode. The anisotropy of Sn strongly affects the rates of IMC growth and copper depletion during electromigration, shaping solder failure during operation.
期刊介绍:
The Journal of Electronic Materials (JEM) reports monthly on the science and technology of electronic materials, while examining new applications for semiconductors, magnetic alloys, dielectrics, nanoscale materials, and photonic materials. The journal welcomes articles on methods for preparing and evaluating the chemical, physical, electronic, and optical properties of these materials. Specific areas of interest are materials for state-of-the-art transistors, nanotechnology, electronic packaging, detectors, emitters, metallization, superconductivity, and energy applications.
Review papers on current topics enable individuals in the field of electronics to keep abreast of activities in areas peripheral to their own. JEM also selects papers from conferences such as the Electronic Materials Conference, the U.S. Workshop on the Physics and Chemistry of II-VI Materials, and the International Conference on Thermoelectrics. It benefits both specialists and non-specialists in the electronic materials field.
A journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.