Coalescence Dynamics

Abstract

The merging of two fluid drops is one of the fundamental topological transitions occurring in free surface flow. Its description has many applications, for example, in the chemical industry (emulsions, sprays, etc.), in natural flows driving our climate, and for the sintering of materials. After the reconnection of two drops, strongly localized surface tension forces drive a singular flow, characterized by a connecting liquid bridge that grows according to scaling laws. We review theory, experiment, and simulation of the coalescence of two spherical drops for different parameters and in the presence of an outer fluid. We then generalize to other geometries, such as drops spreading on a substrate and in Hele–Shaw flow, and we discuss other types of mass transport, apart from viscous flow. Our focus is on times immediately after reconnection and on the limit of initially undeformed drops at rest relative to one another.