Discriminative performance of ocular surface staining and lid wiper epitheliopathy in dry eye disease: An investigator-masked, prospective registry-based, diagnostic accuracy study

Abstract

Purpose

To evaluate the diagnostic performance of corneal and conjunctival staining, and lid wiper epitheliopathy (LWE) in detecting dry eye disease, as defined by the global consensus Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society Dry Eye Workshop II (TFOS DEWS II) criteria.

Methods

A total of 2066 community residents (1285 females; mean ± SD age, 40 ± 19 years) were recruited in an investigator-masked, prospective registry-based, diagnostic accuracy study. Dry eye symptomology and ocular surface parameters were assessed in a single clinical session. The Sjögren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance (SICCA) corneal and conjunctival staining scoring and Korb lid wiper epitheliopathy (LWE) grading were evaluated by an independent masked assessor.

Results

Overall, 807 (39 %) participants fulfilled the TFOS DEWS II criteria for dry eye disease, of which 178 (9 %) participants were classified as moderate-to-severe disease. The discriminative abilities of superior and inferior LWE (C-statistics, 0.724 and 0.712, respectively) were greater than corneal and conjunctival staining (C-statistics, 0.573 and 0.627, respectively). The Youden-optimal diagnostic cut-offs for the SICCA corneal and conjunctival staining scores were both ≥1, and the optimal thresholds for the Korb superior and inferior LWE grades were both ≥1. LWE was more commonly detected in both mild-to-moderate and moderate-to-severe dry eye disease, and demonstrated more consistent correlation with other ocular surface parameters across a broader range of disease severity.

Conclusions

LWE demonstrates superior diagnostic performance relative to corneal and conjunctival staining. These findings would support the routine incorporation of LWE evaluation as part of the diagnostic workup of dry eye disease.