Proton, Electron, and Photon Flux Measurement and Simulation During Stratospheric Balloon Flights

IF 16.4 1区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Accounts of Chemical Research Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI:10.1109/TNS.2024.3430044

Hugo Cintas;Frédéric Wrobel;Frédéric Saigné;Marine Ruffenach;Damien Herrera;Françoise Bezerra;Julien Mekki;Athina Varotsou

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Abstract

This article compares three models of the atmospheric radiative environment: 1) model of atmospheric ionizing radiative effects (MAIREs); 2) Excel-based Program for calculating Atmospheric Cosmic-ray Spectrum (EXPACS); and 3) radiation atmospheric model for single-event effect simulation (RAMSEES) to experimental fluxes measured at different altitudes. The PIX Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) instrument recorded the fluxes during five stratospheric flights. There is no standard way to model the atmospheric radiative environment today. Each model uses its own Monte Carlo toolkit, modeling the atmosphere and primary particles. The RAMSEES was created by Geant4 simulation of the Extensive Air Shower (EAS) phenomenon generated by highly energetic Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) in 100 km of atmosphere. By using PIX fluxes, this article aims to benchmark the models with experimental data at multiple altitudes. Three integral fluxes were used in this article at a comparison point: 1) photons >0.823 MeV; 2) electrons >10.27 MeV; and 3) protons >80 MeV. MAIRE shows good agreement with all the experimental fluxes from 5 to 40 km. MAIRE predictions show remarkable agreement with the PIX photon fluxes. EXPACS predictions are in a magnitude order of PIX measurements but tend to underestimate the fluxes. Finally, RAMSEES predictions agree with PIX fluxes for protons, electrons, and photons at altitudes of 5–32.5 km. Moreover, RAMSEES shows significant agreement with PIX proton fluxes.

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平流层气球飞行期间质子、电子和光子通量测量与模拟

本文比较了三种大气辐射环境模型：1）大气电离辐射效应模型（MAIREs）；2）基于 Excel 的大气宇宙射线频谱计算程序（EXPACS）；3）用于单次事件效应模拟的辐射大气模型（RAMSEES）和在不同高度测量的实验通量。国家空间研究中心的 PIX 仪器在五次平流层飞行中记录了通量。目前还没有标准的大气辐射环境建模方法。每个模型都使用自己的蒙特卡罗工具包，对大气和原生粒子进行建模。RAMSEES 是通过 Geant4 模拟 100 公里大气层中高能银河宇宙射线（GCR）产生的大范围空气淋浴（EAS）现象而创建的。通过使用 PIX 通量，本文旨在用多个高度的实验数据对模型进行基准测试。本文使用了三种积分通量作为比较点：1）大于 0.823 MeV 的光子；2）大于 10.27 MeV 的电子；3）大于 80 MeV 的质子。MAIRE 与 5 至 40 千米范围内的所有实验通量都显示出良好的一致性。MAIRE 的预测结果与 PIX 光子通量非常吻合。EXPACS 的预测值与 PIX 的测量值在一个量级上，但往往低估了通量。最后，RAMSEES 的预测结果与 PIX 在 5-32.5 公里高度的质子、电子和光子通量一致。此外，RAMSEES 与 PIX 的质子通量有显著的一致性。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Accounts of Chemical Research 化学-化学综合

CiteScore

31.40

自引率

1.10%

发文量

312

审稿时长

2 months

期刊介绍： Accounts of Chemical Research presents short, concise and critical articles offering easy-to-read overviews of basic research and applications in all areas of chemistry and biochemistry. These short reviews focus on research from the author’s own laboratory and are designed to teach the reader about a research project. In addition, Accounts of Chemical Research publishes commentaries that give an informed opinion on a current research problem. Special Issues online are devoted to a single topic of unusual activity and significance. Accounts of Chemical Research replaces the traditional article abstract with an article "Conspectus." These entries synopsize the research affording the reader a closer look at the content and significance of an article. Through this provision of a more detailed description of the article contents, the Conspectus enhances the article's discoverability by search engines and the exposure for the research.