The impact of population ageing on the burden of chronic kidney disease

Abstract

The burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its risk factors are projected to rise in parallel with the rapidly ageing global population. By 2050, the prevalence of CKD category G3–G5 may exceed 10% in some regions, resulting in substantial health and economic burdens that will disproportionately affect lower-income countries. The extent to which the CKD epidemic can be mitigated depends largely on the uptake of prevention efforts to address modifiable risk factors, the implementation of cost-effective screening programmes for early detection of CKD in high-risk individuals and widespread access and affordability of new-generation kidney-protective drugs to prevent the development and delay the progression of CKD. Older patients require a multidisciplinary integrated approach to manage their multimorbidity, polypharmacy, high rates of adverse outcomes, mental health, fatigue and other age-related symptoms. In those who progress to kidney failure, comprehensive conservative management should be offered as a viable option during the shared decision-making process to collaboratively determine a treatment approach that respects the values and wishes of the patient. Interventions that maintain or improve quality of life, including pain management and palliative care services when appropriate, should also be made available. Here, the authors examine the effect of the rapidly ageing global population on the health and economic burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD). They discuss factors that drive or could mitigate the CKD epidemic and highlight complications and symptoms of CKD that are common among older patients.