Current uses and understanding of PET imaging in cardiac sarcoidosis.

Abstract

Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease with unclear etiology characterized by the accumulation of noncaseating, immune granulomas in affected tissues. In cardiac sarcoidosis (CS), white blood cells build up within the heart muscles, causing cardiac abnormalities. Accurate and early diagnosis of CS proves challenging. However, usage of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, namely ¹⁸F-FDG-PET, has proven successful in diagnosing inflammatory cardiomyopathy. This review seeks to examine the role of PET in managing ventricular tachycardia in cardiac sarcoidosis. PET, in conjunction with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is also endorsed as the premier method for diagnosis and management of arrhythmias associated with CS by The Heart Rhythm Society. After a CS diagnosis, risk stratification of ventricular arrhythmias is a necessity given the potential for sudden cardiac death. ¹⁸F-FDG-PET has been successful in monitoring disease advancement and treatment responses in CS patients. Early stages of CS are often treated with immunosuppression drugs if there are additional signs of VT. Currently, corticosteroid and anti-arrhythmia compounds: methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, infliximab, amiodarone, and azathioprine are used to suppress inflammation. ¹⁸F-FDG-PET has certainly proven to be an incredibly useful and accurate diagnostic tool of CS. While late gadolinium enhancement by CMR is efficient in detecting myocardial necrosis and/or advanced fibrosis scarring, ¹⁸F-FDG portrays the increased uptake level of glucose metabolism. In combination PET/MRI has proven to be more successful in improving the efficacy of both scans, addressing their drawbacks, and highlighting their advantages. Managing CS patients is highly involved in detecting inflammatory regions of the heart. Early recognition prevents cardiac abnormality, mainly VT and VF in CS patients, and extends lifespan.