Gold nanoparticles-conjugation of irisin enhances therapeutic effect by improving cardiac function and attenuating inflammation in sepsis.

Abstract

Irisin is considered to be a promising therapeutic approach for cardiac depression and inflammatory disorders. The short half-life of irisin impeded its use and drug efficacy in the treatment. This study aimed to examine if pegylated gold nanoparticles-conjugated to irisin would improve therapeutic effects in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis in mice. Recombinant irisin were conjugated to a pegylated gold nanoparticle, which was given to mice exposed to CLP. The cecal ligation procedure and sham on mice were operated and assigned to one of following five groups: (I) CLP group: The mouse models underwent the CLP surgical procedure and received only vehicle saline treatment (n = 5); (II) CLP + soluble Irisin: The mouse underwent the CLP and received an intramuscular injection (i.m) (TA) injection of 1 ug of soluble irisin into each tibialis anterior (TA) leg (n = 5); (III) CLP + Gold nanoparticle-conjugated to Irisin: The mouse models underwent the CLP and received an i.m (TA) injection of 1 µg of Gold nanoparticle-irisin via intramuscular injection (TA) into each leg (n = 5); (IV) CLP + Gold nanoparticles- conjugated to IgG: The mouse underwent the CLP and received an i.m (TA) injection of gold nanoparticles conjugated to IgG (n = 5). (V) Sham: The mouse underwent the surgical operation without conducting the CLP (n = 10). The post-operated animals were observed for one week, and survival rates were estimated. Echocardiography was performed to measure cardiac function at 12 h following CLP. TUNEL was employed to detect apoptosis in both cardiac and skeletal muscles; histology was conducted to assess tissue injury in muscles. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted to examine release of interleukin 6 (IL6) and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha. Compared to the CLP control, soluble irisin treatment improved cardiac function recovery, as indicated by the fractional shortening (FS) and ejection fraction (EF). Irisin treatment exhibited reduced IL6 and TNF-alpha release in association with less apoptosis, lower muscle injury index and improved survival post-CLP. However, compared to soluble irisin treatment, gold nanoparticles-conjugated to irisin showed a significant improvement in cardiac function, suppression of apoptosis, reduced IL6 and TNF-alpha releases, decreased muscle injury and an improved survival rate of post-CLP. This study reveals that gold nanoparticles-conjugated irisin can serve to improve irisin's therapeutic effects over a longer course of treatment.