From Powder to Pouch Cell: Setting up a Sodium-Ion Battery Reference System Based on Na3V2(PO4)3/C and Hard Carbon

IF 5.1 4区 材料科学 Q2 ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Pirmin Stüble, Cedric Müller, Nicole Bohn, Marcus Müller, Andreas Hofmann, Tolga Akçay, Julian Klemens, Arnd Koeppe, Satish Kolli, Deepalaxmi Rajagopal, Holger Geßwein, Wilhelm Schabel, Philip Scharfer, Michael Selzer, Joachim R. Binder, Anna Smith
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Abstract

At the research level, novel active materials for batteries are synthesised on a small scale, fabricated into electrodes and electrochemically characterised using each group's established process due to the lack of standards. Recently, eminent researchers have criticised the implementation of e. g. low active material contents/electrode loadings, the use of research-type battery cell constructions, or the lack of statistically relevant data, resulting in overstated data and thus giving misleading predictions of the key performance indicators of new battery technologies. Here, we report on the establishment of a reference system for the development of sodium-ion batteries. Electrodes are fabricated under relevant conditions using 9.5 mg/cm2 self-synthesised Na3V2(PO4)3/C cathode active material and 3.6 mg/cm2 commercially available hard carbon anode active material. It is found that different types of battery cells are more or less suitable for half- and/or full-cell testing, resulting in ir/reproducible or underestimated active material capacities. Furthermore, the influence of electrode overhang, which is relevant for upscaling, is evaluated. The demonstrator cell (TRL 4–5) has been further characterised providing measured data on the power/energy density and thermal behaviour during rate testing up to 15 C and projections are made for its practical limits.

Abstract Image

从粉末到袋装电池:建立基于 Na3V2(PO4)3/C 和硬碳的钠离子电池参考系统
在研究层面,由于缺乏标准,用于电池的新型活性材料都是小规模合成的,然后制作成电极,并使用每个小组的既定流程进行电化学表征。最近,知名研究人员批评了这种做法,例如,活性材料含量/电极负载量过低、使用研究型电池结构或缺乏统计相关数据,导致数据被夸大,从而对新电池技术的关键性能指标做出误导性预测。在此,我们报告了钠离子电池开发参考系统的建立情况。在相关条件下,使用 9.5 mg/cm² 自合成 Na3V2(PO4)3/C 阴极活性材料和 3.6 mg/cm² 市售硬碳阳极活性材料制作电极。研究发现,不同类型的电池单元或多或少都适合进行半电池和/或全电池测试,从而导致活性材料的容量不可重现或被低估。此外,还评估了电极悬垂的影响,这与升级有关。对示范电池(TRL 4-5)进行了进一步表征,提供了功率/能量密度的测量数据,以及最高温度为 15 C 的速率测试期间的热行为,并对其实用极限进行了预测。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
8.60
自引率
5.30%
发文量
223
期刊介绍: Electrochemical energy storage devices play a transformative role in our societies. They have allowed the emergence of portable electronics devices, have triggered the resurgence of electric transportation and constitute key components in smart power grids. Batteries & Supercaps publishes international high-impact experimental and theoretical research on the fundamentals and applications of electrochemical energy storage. We support the scientific community to advance energy efficiency and sustainability.
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