Development of a “Signal-On” Fluorescent Aptasensor for Highly Selective and Sensitive Detection of ZEN in Cereal Products Using Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots Based on the Inner Filter Effect

Abstract

This study aimed to develop a novel fluorescent aptasensor for the quantitative detection of zearalenone (ZEN), addressing the limitations of conventional detection techniques in terms of speed, sensitivity, and ease of use. Nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) were synthesized via the hydrothermal method, resulting in spherical particles with a diameter of 3.25 nm. These N-CDs demonstrated high water solubility and emitted a bright blue light at 440 nm when excited at 355 nm. The fluorescence of N-CDs was quenched by dispersed gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) through the inner filter effect, while aggregated AuNPs induced by NaCl did not affect the fluorescence of N-CDs. The aptamer could protect AuNPs from NaCl-induced aggregation, but the presence of ZEN weakened this protective effect. Based on this principle, optimal conditions for ZEN detection included 57 mM NaCl, 12.5 nM aptamer concentration, incubation of AuNPs with NaCl for 15 min in Tris-EDTA(TE) buffer, and incubation of aptamer with ZEN and NaCl for 30 min. Under these optimized conditions, the “signal-on” fluorescent aptasensor for ZEN detection showed a linear range of 0.25 to 200 ng/mL with a low detection limit of 0.0875 ng/mL. Furthermore, the developed aptasensor exhibited excellent specificity and could rapidly detect ZEN in corn flour samples or corn oil, achieving satisfactory recovery rates ranging from 84.7% to 108.6%. Therefore, this study presents an economical, convenient, sensitive, and rapid method for accurately quantifying ZEN in cereal products.