Investigating a surface water quality monitoring approach for QwaQwa, South Africa, by combining biological in vitro tests and chemical analyses

IF 2.6 Q2 WATER RESOURCES
Marinda Avenant, H. Börnick, Stephanie Graumnitz, N. Nyoka, Beatrice Opeolu, Patricks Voua Otomo, Annika Schubert, Sara Schubert, T. Vos, Dirk Jungmann
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Abstract

Water quality assessment is a fundamental requirement for comprehensive water management. Access to water is not exclusively a quantitative issue, as human activities often lead to negative impacts on water quality due to pollution. This results in a need for the systematic monitoring of water bodies to surveil ongoing pollution dynamics and, if needed, facilitate the implementation of suitable solutions for water quality management.To that effect, in March 2022 and July 2023, we conducted two sampling campaigns in four headwater streams in QwaQwa, South Africa, to assess the water quality under high (summer) and low (winter) flow conditions. The overarching aim was to support local decision-makers with relevant information on water quality in a semirural and less studied area. Beside the hydrological characterization of the catchment, which drains the mountainous areas around Phuthaditjhaba (the main town of the region), physicochemical and biological monitoring were conducted, including in vitro tests detecting endocrine disruption, dioxin-like impacts, and genotoxic potentials in the water.The elemental analysis showed that at several sampling sites, Al, Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn were above the Target-Water-Quality-Range (TWQR) for aquatic ecosystems and Fe, Al, and Mn were additionally above the TWQR for domestic use. Interestingly, the organic micropollutants (OMPs) revealed a region with a high incidence of HIV infections, given the occurrence of the drugs efavirenz, its transformation product 8-OH-efavirenz and nevirapine, among other micropollutants. Possibly, the signals from the in vitro tests for endocrine disruption are also induced by the detected micropollutants. Our results ultimately show that even though anthropogenic impacts increase from upstream to downstream, none of the sampling sites are without concern. This indicates the urgent need for measures to increase the water quality of these headwater streams in this region.
通过结合体外生物测试和化学分析,研究南非 QwaQwa 的地表水质量监测方法
水质评估是全面水资源管理的基本要求。水的获取并不完全是一个数量问题,因为人类活动往往会因污染而对水质造成负面影响。为此,我们于 2022 年 3 月和 2023 年 7 月在南非 QwaQwa 的四条上游溪流开展了两次取样活动,以评估高流量(夏季)和低流量(冬季)条件下的水质。总体目标是为当地决策者提供有关半农村和研究较少地区水质的相关信息。该集水区为 Phuthaditjhaba(该地区的主要城镇)周围的山区排水,除了对集水区进行水文特征描述外,还进行了物理化学和生物监测,包括体外测试,以检测水体中的内分泌干扰、二恶英类影响和遗传毒性潜力。元素分析表明,在几个采样点,铝、铜、锰、铁和锌的含量都高于水生生态系统的目标水质范围 (TWQR),而铁、铝和锰的含量也高于生活用水的目标水质范围 (TWQR)。有趣的是,有机微污染物(OMPs)显示,由于存在药物依非韦伦、其转化产物 8-OH-efavirenz 和奈韦拉平等微污染物,该地区是艾滋病毒感染的高发区。体外测试的内分泌干扰信号可能也是由检测到的微污染物引起的。我们的研究结果最终表明,尽管人为影响从上游向下游递增,但没有一个采样点不令人担忧。这表明,迫切需要采取措施提高该地区这些上游溪流的水质。
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来源期刊
Frontiers in Water
Frontiers in Water WATER RESOURCES-
CiteScore
4.00
自引率
6.90%
发文量
224
审稿时长
13 weeks
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