Strain waves on additively manufactured plates for an on-orbit impact detector concept

IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL
Sidney Chocron , Alexander J. Carpenter , Roberto Enriquez-Vargas , Drew A. Hackney , James D. Walker , Michael A. Koets , Randy Rose , Robert E. Grimm
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Abstract

Orbital debris impacts on spacecraft are an emerging threat to space missions due to the exponential increase in the number of satellites orbiting the Earth. Debris characteristics (size, material, velocity, etc.) are not well known for the size range of 10 mm or less that is undetectable using Earth telescopes or radar observation. The objective of this research was to determine wether a concept designed to detect impact of particles in the ∼1 to 5 mm range, find the location of the impact, and characterize the impacting projectile (velocity, size, angle, density), is feasible.

The paper describes the design, fabrication, and tests performed on “witness plates” (the concept) made of two parallel layers of additively manufactured aluminum and instrumented with sixteen gages, eight on each layer. Laboratory experiments have shown that the waves can be recorded and properly interpreted to find location of impact, sound speed in the plate, and to estimate impact velocity. It was shown analytically that the amplitude of the first strain wave that propagates from the impact point is expected to decay as 1/r. This was observed as well in the signals recorded in the experiments. CTH computations were performed during the pre-test design phase and the post-test analysis phase. In fact, the numerical simulations have been key and pervasive in this research effort as they provided invaluable insight for the initial design and the correct interpretation of signal anomalies seen during the tests. Additionally, the computations confirmed the 1/r law derived analytically, i.e. that the assumptions for the derivation were justified. The main conclusions of the research are that, for a normal impact, the 1/r law for front gages can be easily used to determine the diameter of the impactor. It is possible that the back gages could be used to determine the density of the impactor as well. Finally, it was shown that oblique impacts generate an expected assymetry in the signals recorded. Though this aspect should be investigated further, the assymetry is probably uniquely related to the impact angle, which could provide the angle information.

用于在轨撞击探测器概念的增材制造板上的应变波
由于绕地球轨道运行的卫星数量呈指数增长,轨道碎片对航天器的撞击是对空间飞行任务的一种新威胁。对于使用地球望远镜或雷达观测无法探测到的 10 毫米或更小尺寸范围内的碎片特征(尺寸、材料、速度等)还不是很清楚。这项研究的目的是确定一个概念是否可行,这个概念旨在探测 1 至 5 毫米范围内的粒子撞击,找到撞击位置,并确定撞击弹丸的特征(速度、大小、角度、密度)。论文介绍了 "见证板"(概念)的设计、制造和测试,"见证板 "由两层平行的铝合金加成制造而成,上面安装有 16 个测量仪,每层 8 个。实验室实验表明,可以通过记录和正确解释声波来确定撞击位置、板中的声速以及估计撞击速度。分析表明,从撞击点传播的第一个应变波的振幅预计会以 1/r 的速度衰减。在实验记录的信号中也观察到了这一点。在试验前的设计阶段和试验后的分析阶段都进行了 CTH 计算。事实上,数字模拟是这项研究工作的关键和基础,因为它们为初步设计和正确解释测试期间出现的信号异常提供了宝贵的见解。此外,计算还证实了分析得出的 1/r 规律,即推导时的假设是合理的。研究的主要结论是,对于正常撞击,前量规的 1/r 定律可以很容易地用于确定撞击器的直径。后面的量规也可以用来确定撞击物的密度。最后,研究表明,斜撞击会产生预期的信号记录。虽然这方面的问题还需要进一步研究,但这种偏态可能与撞击角度有独特的关系,可以提供角度信息。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
International Journal of Impact Engineering
International Journal of Impact Engineering 工程技术-工程:机械
CiteScore
8.70
自引率
13.70%
发文量
241
审稿时长
52 days
期刊介绍: The International Journal of Impact Engineering, established in 1983 publishes original research findings related to the response of structures, components and materials subjected to impact, blast and high-rate loading. Areas relevant to the journal encompass the following general topics and those associated with them: -Behaviour and failure of structures and materials under impact and blast loading -Systems for protection and absorption of impact and blast loading -Terminal ballistics -Dynamic behaviour and failure of materials including plasticity and fracture -Stress waves -Structural crashworthiness -High-rate mechanical and forming processes -Impact, blast and high-rate loading/measurement techniques and their applications
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