Synergistic Antitumor and Apoptotic Activity of Sitagliptin or Linagliptin Plus Cisplatin Against A549 Lung Cancer Cells (an Invitro Study)

Abstract

Objective: Lung cancer (LC) has the highest mortality rate globally. Most chemotherapeutic medicines now in use are cytotoxic, prompting the search for novel compounds with anticancer properties and improved safety profiles for normal cells. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors have demonstrated anticancer effects and apoptotic properties by specifically inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase -4, a glycoprotein found in various organs that support the spread of cancer and tumor formation. Based on that, this study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and apoptotic activity of sitagliptin (SITA) and linagliptin (LINA) against the lung cancer cell line (A549) alone and in combination with cisplatin (CP). Methods: A549 cells were categorized into six groups: control (untreated cells), CP-treated cells, SITA-treated cells, LINA-treated cells, CP plus SITA treated cells (1:1 ratio), and CP plus LINA treated cells (1:1 ratio). After 72 hours of incubation, cell viability (or cytotoxicity) and concentration required to inhibit 50% of cell viability (IC50) for each group were determined using an MTT assay. This method is safe and easy to use, has more reproducibility, and is commonly used for cell viability and cytotoxicity tests. Later, A549 cells were cultured in six flasks and exposed to the IC50 for 36 hours. Afterward, the cells were harvested and centrifuged, and the supernatant was removed. The remaining cell pellets were collected and lysed using a lysis buffer to measure B-cell lymphoma type 2 (BCL-2) levels with ELISA test kits. The data was collected and subjected to statistical analysis techniques. Results: MTT assay results determined that SITA and LINA significantly increased A549 cell cytotoxicity compared to the control group (P<0.0001). Moreover, combining SITA or LINA with CP showed markedly increased antitumor efficacy and more significant cytotoxicity directed toward A549 cells. Additionally, these combinations highly reduced IC50 in comparison to monotherapy. Considerably, both drugs showed remarkable apoptotic activity on A549 cells when used alone or combined with CP by decreasing BCL2 levels. Consequently, it potentiates apoptotic effects and cytotoxicity of CP against cancer cells. Interestingly, Lina was more potent than Sita regarding cytotoxicity and apoptotic activity on A549 cells. Conclusion: SITA and Lina exhibited significant cytotoxic and apoptotic effects against A549 cells through the induction of apoptosis. Notably, the results suggest a potential synergistic anticancer impact on CP.