G. Rigney, J. Dugan, A. Bishay, S. Jonzzon, J. Jo, K. Williams, S. Zuckerman, D. Terry
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
This study assessed whether age of first exposure (AFE) to football was associated with later-life psychiatric and neurobehavioral symptoms, cognitive difficulties, and general health problems in a cohort of former amateur football players.
A cross-sectional survey study of men with a history of amateur football exposure was conducted using the ResearchMatch online platform. Independent variables included demographics, number of lifetime concussions, AFE to football (dichotomized as AFE < 12 years vs. AFE ≥ 12 years), and total years of football participation. Main outcomes included current depressive (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorders-7), cognitive (British Columbia Cognitive Complaints Inventory), and neurobehavioral symptoms (Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory). T-tests (AFE < 12 vs. AFE ≥ 12) and multivariable regressions assessed for associations between AFE and outcome variables, adjusting for age, number of prior concussions, and years of football exposure.
A total of 107 male participants (mean age = 60.6 ± 15.1 years) reported an average of 4.2 ± 2.7 years of exposure to amateur football, with 41 participants reporting AFE < 12 (38.3%). In multivariable analyses, AFE < 12 was not a significant predictor of depressive (B = 0.51, SE = 1.25, p = 0.682), anxiety (B = 0.09, SE = 0.95, p = 0.926), cognitive (B = -0.65, SE = 0.77, p = 0.403), or neurobehavioral symptom scores (B = -0.56, SE = 2.93, p = 0.850). However, having more prior concussions were associated with worse depressive (B = 0.44, SE = 0.10, p < 0.001), anxiety (B = 0.33, SE = 0.07, p < 0.001), cognitive (B = 0.26, SE = 0.06, p < 0.001), and neurobehavioral symptoms (B = 1.04, SE = 0.23, p < 0.001).
AFE to football was not associated with adverse psychiatric, cognitive, or neurobehavioral difficulties. However, these outcomes were associated with a greater number of lifetime concussions.
期刊介绍:
ACS Applied Bio Materials is an interdisciplinary journal publishing original research covering all aspects of biomaterials and biointerfaces including and beyond the traditional biosensing, biomedical and therapeutic applications.
The journal is devoted to reports of new and original experimental and theoretical research of an applied nature that integrates knowledge in the areas of materials, engineering, physics, bioscience, and chemistry into important bio applications. The journal is specifically interested in work that addresses the relationship between structure and function and assesses the stability and degradation of materials under relevant environmental and biological conditions.