Modeling honeybee flower visitation rates in the fragmented agricultural landscapes based on Lévy-flight behavior

Abstract

Typically, honeybees (Apis mellifera L.), rely on waggle dances performed by scout bees to communicate information about fruitful nectar and pollen sources across the landscape. However, when this communication is absent, inaccurate, or when resources become depleted, bees resort to alternative search strategies. Field experiments utilizing harmonic radar have revealed that honeybees follow flight patterns that demonstrate a scale-free (Lévy-flight) behavior, representing an optimal search strategy for relocating the original feeder location. If honeybees adhere to a Lévy flight pattern to discover resources, where would honeybees demonstrate the highest flower visitation rates in agricultural landscapes? We generated simulated landscapes with varying proportions of forest cover scenarios, ranging from 5 to 50% of the total landscape area, along with different levels of fragmentation per se. Subsequently, we constrained the richness of flower farm cells in each landscape. To predict honeybee visitation rates, three different methodologies based on random movement were utilized: (1) moving window, (2) random walk, and (3) Lévy flight. We found that honeybee visitation rates were influenced by the degree of forest fragmentation in each scenario. Across all visitation scenarios, the highest average number of visited flowers per cell was observed in landscapes with maximum fragmentation per se. In landscapes with lower forest cover and higher fragmentation, honeybees were more likely to visit a greater number of flowers due to the increased probability of traversing the landscape and encountering more flower cells. honeybee visitation rates in agricultural landscapes are significantly influenced by the degree of forest fragmentation. The study highlights the importance of considering landscape structure, specifically forest fragmentation, when predicting honeybee visitation rates and underscores the need for further research to better understand the intricate relationship between landscape characteristics and pollinator behavior.