Double trouble: host behaviour influences and is influenced by co-infection with parasites

IF 2.3 2区 生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
Maryane Gradito , Frédérique Dubois , Daniel W.A. Noble , Sandra A. Binning
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Parasitism is increasingly seen as an ecological factor contributing to behavioural variation among individuals. Yet, the causal direction of the relationship between animal personality and parasites remains unclear. We measured behavioural traits (i.e. exploration, activity, boldness) in pumpkinseed sunfish, Lepomis gibbosus, before and after an experimental infection using cages in a lake where sunfish were naturally exposed to trematode and cestode infection for 1 month. Despite our initial assumptions (i.e. that all individuals would have the same risk of infection within a cage), we found that initial behavioural traits strongly influenced infection susceptibility: initially bolder and less active fish acquired a higher density of trematode and cestode parasites during the infection period. Following infection, fish body condition decreased with increasing cestode density, suggesting that infection is costly to hosts. Body condition was positively correlated with distance moved, a measure of activity, regardless of individual infection status. The repeatability of exploration and activity behaviour and the strength of the activity–exploration correlation (i.e. behavioural syndrome) were reduced following parasite exposure. Distance moved and trematode density were negatively correlated, suggesting that this infection decreases host activity levels. Since trematodes have a complex life cycle with piscivorous birds as a final host, a decrease in activity following infection may make infected fish more susceptible to bird predation, benefiting the parasite. Our results highlight the close links between behaviour and parasitism. We propose that two mechanisms may simultaneously operate: initial host behaviour influences their risk of infection, and infection introduces variation in the behavioural traits of infected hosts.

双重麻烦:宿主行为既影响寄生虫的共同感染,又受其影响
寄生虫越来越多地被视为导致个体间行为差异的生态因素。然而,动物个性与寄生虫之间的因果关系仍不清楚。我们在南瓜籽太阳鱼(Lepomis gibbosus)身上测量了实验感染前后的行为特征(即探索、活动、胆量)。尽管我们最初假设(即所有个体在网箱内感染的风险相同),但我们发现最初的行为特征对感染易感性有很大影响:最初比较大胆和不太活跃的鱼在感染期间获得的颤形虫和绦虫寄生虫密度较高。感染后,随着绦虫密度的增加,鱼的身体状况也随之下降,这表明感染对宿主来说是要付出代价的。无论个体感染状况如何,身体状况都与活动距离呈正相关。暴露于寄生虫后,探索和活动行为的可重复性以及活动-探索相关性的强度(即行为综合征)均有所降低。移动距离与吸虫密度呈负相关,这表明吸虫感染会降低宿主的活动水平。由于吸虫具有复杂的生命周期,食鱼鸟类是其最终宿主,因此感染后活动减少可能会使受感染的鱼类更容易被鸟类捕食,从而使寄生虫受益。我们的研究结果突显了行为与寄生之间的密切联系。我们认为有两种机制可能同时起作用:宿主最初的行为会影响其感染风险,而感染会使受感染宿主的行为特征发生变化。
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来源期刊
Animal Behaviour
Animal Behaviour 生物-动物学
CiteScore
4.60
自引率
8.00%
发文量
236
审稿时长
10.2 weeks
期刊介绍: Growing interest in behavioural biology and the international reputation of Animal Behaviour prompted an expansion to monthly publication in 1989. Animal Behaviour continues to be the journal of choice for biologists, ethologists, psychologists, physiologists, and veterinarians with an interest in the subject.
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