Halloysite-kojic acid conjugate: A sustainable material for the photocatalytic CO2 reduction and fixation for cyclic carbonates production

Abstract

This study introduces a straightforward synthesis method for producing a hybrid material composed of halloysite and kojic acid, which catalyzes carbon dioxide (CO₂) conversion processes. Kojic acid, derived from malted rice fermentation, exhibits inherent chelating properties that facilitate the introduction of copper ions onto the material’s surface. Copper ions, an economically viable alternative to noble metals, catalyze CO₂ conversion reactions effectively. The hybrid catalyst was evaluated for two distinct CO₂ conversion pathways: photocatalytic methane production under simulated sunlight and CO₂ fixation into cyclic carbonates via epoxide reactions. The hybrid material demonstrates remarkable catalytic activity under mild conditions, achieving high conversion efficiencies at 45 °C for methane production and 70 °C for carbonate fixation at atmospheric pressure. Conversion of 31 % and 89 % were achieved for the photocatalytic CO₂ reduction and the carbonate fixation, respectively. FT-IR spectra confirmed the functionalization of the material. Additionally, its organic/inorganic hybrid nature is complemented by excellent thermal stability, as studied by TGA. It enables repeated utilization, maintaining a 25 % catalytic activity for methane production and 70 % for carbonate fixation after the fourth reuse. This research highlights the potential of using naturally derived materials for sustainable CO₂ mitigation.